供应链上的质量投资决策
摘 要
对于企业来说，产品质量是企业的命脉，产品一切其他属性都建立在产品质
量的基础上。企业需要在新产品引入初期快速减少质量问题，其原因有二点：一
是质量问题的减少有利于企业减少质量成本，控制其产品单位成本从而获取更大
的单位利润。二是质量问题的减少会使得产品生产的良品率提升，在产能不变的
情况下，产品良品率的提升能够使得良品的产出数量提升，满足市场需求从而抢
得市场先机。此外，目前企业基本采用供应链合作的模式进行产品的生产与销售，
供应链中生产商与零售商之间的合作不断深化。在此背景下，一些生产商与供应
商将会共同进行新产品引入前期的质量投资，并通过合理的机制进行质量投资的
共同分担以及后期收益的共享。
因此，本文从以下几个方面对供应链上的质量投资决策问题进行研究：（1）
生产商质量学习规律，通过建立复合质量学习模型，考虑了自动化生产趋势下概
念性学习路径的作用，并通过实证数据验证了该模型；（2）生产商在面对随机市
场的投资决策问题，通过建立生产商面对随机市场需求时的收益模型，考虑了生
厂商的质量投资决策及各种参数的改变对其决策与利润的影响；（3）生产商与零
售商在面对随机市场需求的单方投资决策问题，通过建立双方面对随机市场需求
时的收益模型，考虑生产商单方进行质量投资时的投资决策问题；（4）生产商与
零售商在面对随机市场需求的合作投资决策问题，通过建立双方面对随机市场需
求时的收益模型，考虑生产商与零售商共同进行质量投资时的投资决策问题。
通过对以上问题的研究，本文有如下研究成果，一是建立了一种考虑了多项
质量努力的复合质量提升模型，通过实证数据拟合可知该模型能够有效解释生产
过程中的质量提升过程。二是分析了生产商在面对随机市场需求时的质量投资策
略，并得出了其投资阈值以及在各个参数变动时候的三种投资策略。三是考察了
生产商与零售商合作共同面对随机需求市场，但只有生产商进行质量投资的情形，
由分析可知仅当初始生产成本与产品单位利润在适中范围时，生产商将会进行其
质量投资。此外，最终生产成本与产品初始生产成本无关。四是研究了生产商与
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零售商共同面对随机需求市场，且双方合作进行投资的情形，通过对该情形的分
析得出了生产商与零售商的合作区间。通过与仅有生产商投资的情形做比较，一
是可知双方通过共同投资的合作模式可使得双方在初始生产成本较高时候也可
进行合作，二是通过数值分析可知当生产商的单位利润适中时，双方共同进行投
资的情形将为供应链带来更大的总利润。
关键词：供应链质量管理；供应链管理；质量管理；质量投资；质量学习
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Investment Decisions for Improving Quality along Supply
Chains
Abstract
The quality of the products is the life of enterprises. The enterprises have to rapidly
eliminate quality issues in the early stage of new product's production. The first reason
is that the elimination of the quality issues helps enterprises to reduce the cost of quality
and to control the unit cost of their products, so that the enterprises can obtain greater
unit profits. The second reason is that the reduction of the quality issues helps the
manufacturers to improve their yield rate so that they can output more defect-free
productions when the total production capability is fixed. In this way, the enterprises
can grab the market chance by satisfying the market demand in shorter time than their
competitors.
Now the manufacturer and retailer usually cooperate in a supply chain to
manufacture and sell products. As the cooperation of the manufacturer and retailer is
becoming further, some manufacturers and retailers make joint efforts to invest for
quality improving in the early stage of the new product’s manufacturing. They burden
the investment cost and share the profit together with proper mechanism.
In this research, the problem of investment decisions are studied from the
following four aspect. (1) We study how the quality is improved through quality
learning. We build a compound quality learning model and fit the model with empirical
data under the situation of automatic manufacturing. (2) We study the investment and
production decisions of the manufacturer when he faces a market with stochastic
demand. The profit model of the manufacturer is established and the influence of the
parameters on his decision is analyzed. (3) We study the investment and production
decisions of the manufacturer and retailer when they faces the stochastic-demand
market together. In this case, only the manufacturer will invest for quality improving.
(4) We study the investment and production decisions of the manufacturer and retailer
when they faces the stochastic-demand market together. The manufacturer and retailer
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