国内低渗透油田石油地质储量丰富，开发好低渗透油田对我国石油工业的发展有着 十分重要的意义。但由于地质状况复杂，物性较差，低渗透油田有效开采问题一直有待 解决。微生物采油具有特殊驱油机理及驱油特性。室内及矿场实验表明，微生物采油技 术在低渗透油田具有巨大的应用潜力。 本文针对微生物驱油的核心问题，建立了以菌种筛选、发酵培养、性能评价相结合 的研究方法。从朝阳沟油田油层流体中分离出以原油为唯一碳源的两株菌，即菌种Ⅰ和 菌种Ⅱ，其为兼性厌氧菌，具有降解原油和产酸等功能，且与朝阳沟油层物性配伍性良 好。通过发酵实验确定了菌种的发酵条件，培养温度为 35℃，通气量为 0.2m 3 /h，PH 值 为 7～8。选择不同的碳源、无机氮源、矿质营养元素配制培养基，利用正交实验法确定 适合菌种发酵的最佳培养基配方组分。 室内降解原油实验显示，目的菌的性能良好。原油经过目的菌发酵后，凝固点和粘 度有所下降，轻质组分增加且含蜡含胶量减少。发酵液产生了活性物质，油水界面张力 降低，原油的流变性变好。模拟驱油实验结果表明，目的菌驱油可以提高原油采收率。 目的菌与朝阳沟油田配伍性试验结果可以看出，微生物吞吐有效率 61.5%，平均单井井 增油 71.5t，65 口井累积增油 4649.2t，取得了较好的增油效果和经济效益。这充分证 明了朝阳沟油田进行微生物驱油的可行性，为更好地在低渗透油田应用微生物采油技 术，提供了经验和依据。 关键词，朝阳沟油田，微生物采油技术，菌种筛选，降粘，采收率The Study on MEOR Feasibility in Chaoyanggou Oilfield ABSTRACT As the reserves of low permeable reservoir are rich in domestic，its development is very important to China's oil industry. However，because of the complex geological conditions and poor PHysical properties， the issue of its effective exploitation has been needing to be resolved. Microbial enhanced oil recovery(MEOR)has special mechanism of oil displacement and displacement characteristics. In-house and field experiments show that MEOR has an enormous potential application in the low-permeability Oilfield. Aiming at the kernel problem for MEOR，this paper founded research method that combined bacterium screening，fermentation and culturing，performance evaluation. Two bacteria (numberedⅠand Ⅱ) electing crude oil as the sole carbon source was separated from the fluid of Chaoyanggou reservoir. This bacterium was a facultative anaerobe with oil degradation and acid production, and compatible with Chaoyanggou reservoir well. The fermentation conditions determined through experiments: the culture temperature is 35℃，the air flux is 0.2m 3 /h，and the range of PH value is 7～8. Different carbon sources， inorganic nitrogen sources and mineral elements were used to confect the culture mediums. The best medium formula components were obtained in orthogonal experimental way. In-house oil degradation experiments show that intended bacteria had favorable properties. After fermentation by intended bacteria, the viscosity and freezing point of oil dropped down, low density components increased, and waxy and gel content decreased. Fermentation liquor produced active substances, so oil-water interface tension reduced and the rheological property of oil improved. Flooding simulation results show that the intended bacteria flooding can enhance oil recovery. With the test compatible with Chaoyanggou Oilfield, the micro-handling efficiency was 61.5 percent, on the average the single well increased oil by 71.5 t, the increment of 65 oil wells accumulated by 4649.2t, and it got better oil and economic benefits. This fully proved the feasibility of MEOR in Chaoyanggou oilfield，and also provided a basis for the better MEOR application in the low-permeability Oilfield. Keywords:Chaoyanggou reservoir, Microbial enhanced oil recovery, bacterium screening, viscosity reduction, recovery ratio创新点摘要 通过对朝阳沟油田进行微生物驱油的可行性研究，得到创新点如下， 1．针对微生物驱油的核心问题，建立了以菌种筛选、发酵培养、性能评价相结合 的系统的研究方法。从朝阳沟油田储层流体中分离出以原油为唯一碳源的两株菌，菌种 Ⅰ和菌种Ⅱ，为兼性厌氧菌，最适生长温度为 37℃～55℃，具有降解原油和产酸等功能。 目的菌的最佳发酵条件为，培养温度为 35℃，通气量为 0.2m 3 /h，PH 值为 7～8。 2．菌种Ⅰ和菌种Ⅱ的性能良好，可使原油物性发生有利变化。菌种作用后，原油 的凝固点和粘度都有下降，原油的轻质组分增加，含蜡含胶量下降，油水界面张力降低， 原油流动性变好。 3．室内岩心驱油实验结果表明，微生物可以提高低渗透油藏采收率。目的菌与朝 阳沟油田配伍性试验结果可以看出，微生物吞吐有效率 61.5%，平均单井井增油 71.5t， 65 口井累积增油 4649.2t，取得了较好的增油效果和经济效益。充分证明了朝阳沟油田 进行微生物驱油的可行性，为更好地在低渗透油田应用微生物采油技术，提供了经验和 依据。目 录 摘要.......................................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... III 创新点摘要..............................................................................................................................IV 前 言........................................................................................................................................1 第一章 微生物采油技术概述..................................................................................................3 1.1 MEOR 技术的研究概况 .................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 MEOR 技术的发展背景 ........................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 MEOR 技术及驱油机理 ........................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 MEOR 技术的优点及研究中存在的问题 ............................................................... 4 1.1.4 MEOR 技术的发展趋势 ........................................................................................... 5 1.1.5 微生物采油在低渗透油田的应用........................................................................... 6 1.2 菌种筛选及评价方法...................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 菌种筛选方法........................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 菌种的评价方法....................................................................................................... 9 第二章 菌种筛选发酵试验.................................................................................................... 11 2.1 实验器材 ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 取油水混合样 ............................................................................................................... 11 2.3 菌种筛选........................................................................................................................ 12 2.3.1 制作培养基............................................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 富集培养................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.3 镜检......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 菌种的分纯............................................................................................................. 15 2.3.5 摇瓶培养................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 环境适应性评价............................................................................................................ 19 2.4.1 筛选的菌种与本源菌的相容性............................................................................. 19 2.4.2 菌种最适生长温度测定......................................................................................... 19 2.4.3 遗传性能分析......................................................................................................... 22 2.5 菌种发酵实验................................................................................................................ 22 2.5.1 菌体发酵液的制备................................................................................................. 22 2.5.2 确定发酵液培养条件............................................................................................. 22 2.5.3 培养基配方的筛选................................................................................................. 24 第三章 室内实验研究............................................................................................................27 3.1 室内降粘实验 ............................................................................................................... 27 3.1.1 实验仪器................................................................................................................. 27 3.1.2 降粘实验及结果分析............................................................................................. 27 3.2 物理模拟驱油实验........................................................................................................ 30 3.2.1 实验仪器................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.2 实验条件................................................................................................................. 303.2.3 实验步骤................................................................................................................. 31 3.2.4 实验结果及分析..................................................................................................... 32 第四章 微生物吞吐试验研究................................................................................................33 4.1 试验区地质开发概况.................................................................................................... 33 4.2 微生物吞吐试验............................................................................................................ 33 4.2.1 微生物吞吐效果..................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 微生物吞吐初步认识............................................................................................. 34 结 论......................................................................................................................................37