本文针对 D 公司的产品质量的合格率在生产过程中的偏高异常率，在充分
了解和深入分析造成产品合格率异常的原因后，实施基于六西格玛项目管理的
DMAIC 流程，采用 SPC 技术对在生产过程中收集的数据进行加工和处理分析
在研究了当前抽样方式的适合性，以及控制抽样成本及提高检验效率的基础上；
采用测量系统分析的方法对检测人员和检验仪器设备的重复性和再现性进行评
估，为实施统计过程控制的数据收集和处理夯实基础。为发现影响产品潜在质量
的原因，公司使用失效模式与效应分析（FMEA）来筛选影响产品良率偏低的主
要因子，并应用假设检验来分析和识别关键因子。为做好产品的各个管控对象，
还使用 SPC 统计、P 控制图，指数加权平均控制图（EWMA），过程能力分析
等统计手法和质量工具对识别出的影响产品直通率的关键性因子进行质量改进，
并在生产稳定后使用均值-极差（Xbar-R）控制图对改善措施进行追溯和验证
在产品的加工过程中、组装过程中使用这些分析控制措施后，关键部件加工
的生产能力指数 CP
K
从 0.64 增加到 1.03，过程直通率从 60%提升至 95%；组装
厂良率提升至 96%，达到了预期的目标
通过本文对 SPC 的研究，我们可以详细总结企业开展 SPC 应用和品质管理
的经验并向其他企业进行推广，对我国一些中小企业提高产品质量，创造出自身
品牌，实现企业升级和转型做出应有的贡献
关键词：产品质量，质量控制，抽检方式，统计过程控制（SPC），控制图，六
西格玛管理II
ABSTRACT
Statistical process control (SPC) is an effective method to control the product
quality during the production process. Especially in recent years, with China
becoming the main market of the world’s enterprises competition, product quality and
cost are becoming the indispensable competitiveness of the company. The effective
use of SPC quality control method is an effective means to improve the
competitiveness of the enterprises.
This thesis focuses on the high defect rate of D company’s product qualified rate
in the process of production. After the comprehensive understanding and deep
analysis of the reasons for the high defect rate of product qualified rate, and based on
the Six Sigma DMAIC procedure, SPC technology is used to deal with the data
selecting from the manufacture procedure.
Base on the analysis of the verification of sampling method, the control of the
sampling cost and the improvement of inspection efficiency, this thesis assesses the
repeatability and reproduction of the person and inspection instruments by the
measure system analysis, which solidified the base of data collection and dealing.
In order to find the potential quality issues of the products, failure-mode effective
analysis (FMEA) is used to screen out the key causes of low pass rate, and the key
cause is identified and analyzed by presume inspection. SPC measurement, P control
chart, exponentially weighted moving-average (EWMA) and process capability index
(CP
K
) are used to improve the quality of the key factor which affect pass rate, and
Xbar-R is also used to monitor and verify the improvement measures after stable
production.
After using these improvement actions in the production and assembly process,
the CP
K
of key components increased from 0.64 to 1.03, the pass rate increased from
60% to 95%; the assembly plant yield rate increased to 96%, which achieved the
forecast goal.
Through the research of this thesis, we can summarize the experience of SPC
application and quality management, and extend to other enterprises, to contribute to
the quality improvement, brand creation, transformation and upgrading of some small
and medium-sized enterprises.III
KEY WORDS：Product quality, Quality control, Sampling method, Statistical process
control (SPC), Control chart, SIX SIGMA managementIV
目 录
中文摘要I
ABSTRACT .... II
第 1 章 绪论......1
1.1 研究背景.........1
1.2 研究目的与意义.........2
1.2.1 研究目的..........2
1.2.2 研究意义..........2
1.3 研究方法.........3
1.4 主要内容.........3
第 2 章 SPC 相关理论述评.....5
2.1 理论回顾.........5
2.1.1 国外理论回顾..5
2.1.2 国内理论回顾..7
2.2 控制图的含义.8
2.3 SPC 概念..........9
2.4 质量管理的实施程序...........10
2.5 工程能力.......11
第 3 章 D 公司生产产品的生产流程介绍与 SPC 实施准备..........15
3.1 企业生产简介...........15
3.2 生产产品的结构及生产流程...........15
3.3 产品制造过程前 SPC 的实施准备..16
3.4 抽样检验的分析.......17
3.4.1 抽样检验状况17
3.4.2 抽样数据分析19
3.5 测量系统分析...........24
第 4 章 D 公司产品制造过程质量分析和改进........31
4.1 产品质量问题分析...31
4.2 整体生产工序的潜在质量问题分析...........33
4.3 质量改进研究...........36
第 5 章 实行 SPC 管理经验总结......43V
5.1 企业 SPC 的应用概况..........43
5.2 如何达到 SPC 有效实施......44
5.2.1 管理层的关注和了解44
5.2.2 增加训练内容44
5.2.3 数据的关注....44
5.2.4 使用规范的 SPC 软件...........45
5.2.5 运用可循环的概念，从而达到更
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