青岛地铁 3 号线均为地下线，长约 24.9km，，设 22 座车站，总体呈“西-东- 北-西”走向横穿青岛市区。地铁隧洞洞顶埋深小于 30m，沿线地层变化较大，地 质灾害体发育。为保证施工安全，开挖过程全程利用隧道地震波法（TSP）和探 地雷达法（GPR）实现地质超前地质预报，本文主要研究 TSP 法超前地质预报。 TSP(Tunnel Seismic Prediction)是以地震波反射理论为基础，结合地质勘察资 料、现场施工资料，对记录的反射波信号进行分析，判断掌子面前方 100-150m 范围内不良地质体发育位置、空间范围及产状的技术。当前该技术已成为隧道超 前预报的常用方法。但由于不同应用隧道施工工艺、地质环境不同，其观测方法、 数据处理、解译标准并未统一。 本文以青岛地铁 3 号线为例，阐述了 TSP 技术用于浅埋隧道超前地质预报 的基本原理、现场观测、数据处理和解译分析的过程。特别分析了地面反射对采 集信号的影响和消除方法，总结了 TSP 技术在青岛地铁超前地质预报中的准确 度和误报原因。 研究主要取得以下进展， （1）隧道施工过程中伴随其他干扰波，例如声波、工业电干扰波、面波， 会影响数据质量，降低信噪比。对于类似于青岛地铁的浅埋隧道，地面反射波干 扰尤为严重，选用能量切除、带通滤波、τ-p 变换滤波等方法从时间域、频率域 内对地面反射波进行去除。 （2）对青岛地铁 3 号线数据进行归纳总结，TSP 对围岩等级预报的准确度 为 80%、对不良地质体判别的准确度在 70%左右，其预报的效果基本达到施工 要求，在实际应用中是可行的。 关键词，TSP、浅埋隧道、超前地质预报、解译标识、可行性分析II The Feasibility Study of Tunnel Seismic Prediction in Qingdao Metro excavating process Abstract Qingdao M3 is underground line, about 24.9 km long with 22 station overall across Qingdao from west - east - north - west. The subway tunnel roof buried is less than 30 m, and the layer changes along the tunnel with the geological hazard body development. In order to ensure the safety of the construction, Tunnel Seismic Prediction (TSP) and the method of ground penetrating radar (GPR) are used to realize advance geological forecast of the whole excavation process. TSP is bases on the theory of seismic reflection, combining geological investigation data and construction materials to analyze the reflected wave signal recorded, to determine the location and space range of the geo-hazards. This method can commonly detect rock grade and geological condition for 100-150 m ahead of the tunnel face. But due to the different application of tunnel construction technology, different geological environment and observation method, the data processing and interpretation standard is not unified. Combining with the Qingdao metro line 3 tunnel construction, the paper expounds the basic principle of seismic wave reflection method, the actual layout of observation system and data process, especially the ground-reflected wave and its elimination. It summarized the accuracy of TSP method in Qingdao subway advance geological forecast, and the reasons of false positive rate. Consequently, it can provide useful information for the subway built in the later stage on the aspect of advance geological forecast. Its main knowledge includes the following points: 1. Along with interference wave in the process of tunnel construction, such as sound waves, industrial electrical wave, surface wave, will affect the data quality, reduce the signal-to-noise ratio. Especially, the ground-reflection wave appeared in the process of the forecast, affects the quality of the data. Therefore, choosing energyIII excision, band-pass filter and τ-p transform to remove the ground-reflection wave from time domain and frequency domain. 2. It summarizes that data of Qingdao metro line 3, the surrounding rock grade prediction accuracy is 80%, and the adverse geological bodies accuracy is about 70% according to the Qingdao metro line 3 data and meets the construction requirements, so it is feasible. Key Words : Tunnel Seismic Prediction、Shallow Buried Tunnel、Advance Geological Prediction、Interpretation identification、Feasibility analysisIV 目录 0 前言.........................................................................................................1 1 绪论.........................................................................................................2 1.1 国内外研究现状与发展.......................................................................................2 1.2 研究目的与意义...................................................................................................5 1.3 研究内容...............................................................................................................6 1.4 技术路线...............................................................................................................6 1.5 研究成果...............................................................................................................6 2 青岛地铁 3 号线工程地质概述 ............................................................7 2.1 区域地质特征.......................................................................................................7 2.2 沿线地质单元划分...............................................................................................8 2.3 区域内工程地质问题...........................................................................................8 2.4 本章小结.............................................................................................................10 3 TSP 技术在青岛地铁超前地质预报的应用 .......................................11 3.1 TSP 技术探测原理.............................................................................................11 3.2 TSP 技术解译基础.............................................................................................11 3.2.1 岩石的弹性性质.......................................................................................11 3.2.2 不良地质体识别标志...............................................................................13 3.3 青岛地铁 TSP 超前地质预报探测....................................................................14 3.3.1 TSP 探测设备...........................................................................................14 3.2.1 TSP 现场探测...........................................................................................15 3.4 TSP 超前地质预报数据处理.............................................................................16 3.4.1 合并文件、建立观测系统.......................................................................17 3.4.2 初至拾取...................................................................................................17 3.4.3 炮能量平衡与扩散补偿...........................................................................18 3.4.4 频率滤波...................................................................................................19 3.4.5 波场分离与 P、S 波分离 ........................................................................21 3.4.6 地震波成像...............................................................................................24 3.4.7 地质资料解译...........................................................................................25 3.4 本章小结.............................................................................................................27 4 地面噪声信号分析及压制 ..................................................................28 4.1 模型构建及正演模拟...........................................................................................28 4.1.1 理论基础...................................................................................................28 4.1.2 模型构建与计算结果分析.......................................................................30 4.1.3 地面反射波信号特征...............................................................................36 4.2 地面反射波压制.................................................................................................37 4.3 本章小结.............................................................................................................42 5 TSP 用于青岛地铁超前地质预报可行性分析 ...................................43V 5.1 基于 TSP 技术探测波速的围岩分类................................................................43 5.1.1 纵波波速的求取.......................................................................................43 5.1.2 基于 Vp 的围岩分类................................................................................44 5.1.3 影响围岩分类因素...................................................................................48 5.2 基于 TSP 探测数据判别构造体与富水带准确度分析....................................49 5.2.1 探测数据对比分析...................................................................................49 5.2.2 预报整体准确度分析...............................................................................53 5.2.3 特殊灾害体预报准确度...........................................................................54 5.3 TSP 预报误差原因分析.....................................................................................54 5.4 本章小结.............................................................................................................56 6 结论与建议............................................................................................57 6.1 结论.....................................................................................................................57 6.2 建议.....................................................................................................................57