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摘
要
随着中国经济的发展,人民币在岸和离岸汇率制度形成的独特的“一种货币,
两种汇率”的经济现象,受到学者和业界的关注;其中,对人民币外汇市场的风
险防控一直是研究热点之一。中国人民银行等四部门在 2020年 5月发布的《关
于金融支持粤港澳大湾区建设的意见》中,也对人民币的跨境流通以及跨境金融
风险防范提出了相关要求。因此,研究人民币外汇市场之间的风险溢出效应具有
现实意义。但是,现有的研究中主要以波动性风险为主,而极端风险作为人民币
汇率风险防控的重要研究内容之一,却涉及较少;并且,在汇率极端风险的研究
中,鲜有文献从贬值风险及升值风险的角度分开进行讨论。
针对上述问题,本文提出了多分位数风险格兰杰因果检验模型,以多分位数
区间的上行和下行 VaR分别代表外汇市场极端的贬值与升值风险,并通过非参
数检验计算的风险格兰杰因果关系来研究外汇市场间的极端风险溢出效应。文章
采用了 2012年 5月 2日至 2020年 12月 16日外汇市场的收益率数据,从贬值
风险溢出和升值风险溢出两个方向,探究人民币外汇市场在岸与离岸的即期市场
之间,以及在岸即期与远期市场之间的极端风险溢出效应,并且进一步检验汇率
改革等金融事件对外汇市场极端风险溢出效应的影响。研究结论表明,(1)人民
币在岸与离岸的即期市场之间,以及在岸即期和远期市场之间存在着非对称的极
端风险溢出效应:其中,离岸人民币对在岸人民币的风险溢出显著性高于在岸对
离岸的风险溢出,远期外汇市场对在岸即期人民币的风险溢出显著性高于在岸即
期对远期汇率的风险溢出;(2)“811汇改”极大地增强了人民币外汇市场之间的
风险溢出效应:改革之前,外汇市场产品之间的风险溢出效应基本不显著;改革
之后,不管在贬值风险或升值风险上,离岸人民币对在岸人民币,以及远期市场
对在岸即期的风险溢出效应都变得显著;(3)“中美贸易战”也增强了外汇市场
之间的风险溢出效应的显著性:其中,“中美贸易战”开始后,在岸即期对离岸
即期,在岸即期对远期市场的极端贬值风险溢出效应变得显著。最后,从企业、
金融机构或政府机构三方面出发,为人民币汇率的定价功能优化,投资机构或企
业的汇率风险对冲和金融机构之间的风险管理提供相关对策和建议。
关键词 风险溢出效应;极端风险;风险格兰杰因果;811汇改;中美贸易战
I
Abstract
With the development of China’s economy, the unique economic phenomenon of
“one currency, two markets” formed by RMB (Renminbi) onshore and offshore
exchange rate systems has attracted the attention of scholars and the practice of industry.
Among them, the risk prevention and control of RMB exchange rate market has been
one of research hotspots. The opinions on the financial support guideline of the
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area issued by the People’s Bank of China
and other three departments in May 2020 also put forward relevant requirements on the
cross-border circulation of RMB and the prevention of cross-border financial risks.
Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the risk spillover effects among RMB
exchange rate markets. However, the existing research mainly focuses on volatility risk,
while extreme risk, as one of the important research contents of RMB exchange rate
risk prevention and control, is rarely involved. Moreover, in the study of exchange rates
extreme risk, there is little literature to discuss from the perspective of depreciation risk
and appreciation risk separately.
To the study of extreme risk spillover effects of the RMB exchange rate, this paper
puts forward Granger causality in risk with multiple quantiles, while the upside and
downside of VaR (Value at Risk) intervals with multiple quantiles represent
depreciation and appreciation risks of exchange rate markets. According to calculation
of nonparametric test, we study exchange rate extreme risk spillover effects by the
approach of Granger causality in risk with multiple quantiles. This article adopted data
from May 2, 2012 to December 16, 2020, the returns of exchange rate market, from
view of depreciation risk and appreciation risk, to explore extreme risk spillover effects
between the onshore and offshore spot markets, and between the spot and forward
markets. Furthermore, we exam impact of the financial events, such as exchange rate
reform and the “US-China trade war”, on the extreme risk spillover effects among
exchange rate markets.
These results indicate that (1) there is asymmetric extreme risk spillover effects
between the onshore and offshore spot exchange rate markets, and the onshore spot and
forward exchange rate markets: among them, the significance of risk spillovers from
offshore to onshore market is higher than that of the onshore to offshore market, and
the significance from forward market to onshore spot market is higher than that of from
spot market to forward market; (2) the “811 Exchange Rate Reform” greatly enhanced
the risk spillover effects between RMB exchange rate markets: before the reform, the
II
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