I 钻孔雷达探测油气储层的可行性研究 摘要 目前钻孔雷达已广泛应用于工程、勘察等领域，发挥了重要作用，但在石油领域 的应用却相对滞后。声波测井等传统测井技术探测范围小，只能探测井周小规模结构 异常；地震勘探等常规地面地球物理手段探测范围大，能探测到百米以上规模结构异 常；钻孔雷达探测在钻孔中进行，探测范围处于二者之间，刚好填补这段探测距离的 空白，又因其具有较高分辨率，得到的信息也更加可靠。因此，论证钻孔雷达在测井 应用中的可行性就至关重要，这种可行性包括对地质体的识别和对不同类型储层构造 的识别上，如果可以，那么它的应用将会给测井行业带来新的可能。 基于上述事实，本文利用开源软件 gprMax 3.0 对钻孔雷达在石油测井中的应用 进行了一系列的模拟。首先，考虑在雷达测井过程中不可避免要探测到的构造信息， 这类信息的识别能有效判断当前钻孔地质环境，对判断油气藏位置储量等信息有积极 意义。本文设计了四种常见层状构造模型，包括水平层、倾斜层、薄层和断层，正演 模拟得到的雷达剖面的信号特征如下：钻孔雷达对水平层的反射呈“K”型，上下层 反射波能量相同；对倾斜层反射波能量有差异，且出现能量较强的折射波；通过井孔 内折射波的延伸可以识别薄层判断薄层厚度；断层结果中有明显的断层面的反射波， 但对断层内部的异常体无法识别。 目前世界上已知的油储类型有很多，近年来深层碳酸盐岩岩溶风化壳洞缝型油气 藏油气藏已逐渐成为勘探开发中最主要的油气藏类型之一，因此本文主要探究钻孔雷 达对这两种油气藏中不同类型储层构造的识别能力。通过搜集资料，设计建立四种常 见的碳酸盐岩储层构造，包括孔洞构造、裂缝构造、缝洞构造和断层构造，分析模拟 结果可知，钻孔雷达对串珠状孔洞构造的识别效果很好，能够识别轴心平行井轴的串 珠状并辨别孔洞个数，但对于轴心垂直于井轴的孔洞组不能辨别孔洞个数；对走向平 行于井轴的裂缝带能有效识别，包括识别裂缝长度、延伸方向和裂缝带走向；对缝洞 构造同样可以识别；对断层衍生裂缝，由于地质作用裂缝走向基本垂直于井轴，结果 表明，钻孔雷达对这类储层构造的识别不可行。 钻孔雷达对地下介质的探测还有很多影响因素，在井孔环境的变化和钻孔雷达系 统的设置上同样有许多问题需要进一步探究。因此本文设计相关模型，对井孔环境， 包括井壁塌陷导致的扩径、井径大小和水基泥浆的矿化度等及天线基本参数的设置等摘要 II 影响钻孔雷达探测效果的因素进行探究和分析。结果表明扩径现象钻孔雷达对其有明 显的信号反应；泥浆矿化度影响泥浆电导率，电导率增大导致回波损耗增大，过大电 导率导致回波相位畸形；井径、泥浆相对介电常数和收发距的变化对钻孔雷达的异常 体回波信号响不大；天线中心频率影响钻孔雷达分辨率，同时也会增大电磁波损耗， 生产中应根据需要进行设定。 关键词： 钻孔雷达，油气储层构造，gprMax，测井，正演模拟，信号分析Abstract II Feasibility Study of Borehole Radar to Detect Oil and Gas Reservoir Abstract At present, borehole radar has been widely used in engineering, surveying and other fields, and has played an important role, but its application in the petroleum field has lagged behind. Traditional logging techniques such as sonic logging have a small detection range and can only detect small-scale structural anomalies in the wellbore; conventional terrestrial geophysical methods such as seismic exploration have a large detection range, and can detect structural anomalies of a size above 100 meters; drilling radar detection is drilling The hole is carried out, the detection range is between the two, just fill the gap of the detection distance, and because of its higher resolution, the obtained information is more reliable. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate the feasibility of borehole radar in logging applications. This feasibility includes the identification of geological bodies and the identification of different types of reservoirs. If so, its application will be tested. The well industry brings new possibilities. Based on the above facts, this paper uses the open source software gprMax 3.0 to simulate a series of drilling radar applications in petroleum logging. First, consider the structural information that is inevitably detected during the radar logging process. The identification of such information can effectively judge the current drilling geological environment and have positive significance for judging the position and reserves of the reservoir. In this paper, four common layered structural models are designed, including horizontal layer, inclined layer, thin layer and fault. The signal characteristics of the radar profile obtained by forward modeling are as follows: the reflection of the drilling radar on the horizontal layer is “K” type, up and down The reflected wave energy of the layer is the same; the reflected wave energy of the inclined layer is different, and the refracted wave with stronger energy appears; the thin layer can be identified by the extension of the refracted wave in the wellbore; the fault layer has obvious fault plane Reflected waves, but the anomalous bodies inside the fault are not recognized. At present, there are many types of oil reservoirs known in the world. In recent years, deep carbonate karst weathering crust-hole reservoirs have gradually become one of the most important reservoir types in exploration and development. The ability to identify different reservoirs in carbonate rock. Through the collection of data, four common carbonate reservoirs were designed, including pore-type reservoirs, fracture-type reservoirs,Abstract III fracture-cavity reservoirs and fault-type reservoirs. The simulation results show that the borehole radar is beaded. The hole-type reservoir has a good recognition effect. It can identify the bead shape of the parallel axis of the shaft and identify the number of holes. However, the number of holes cannot be discerned for the hole group whose axis is perpendicular to the well axis; the direction is parallel to the well axis. The crack zone can be effectively identified, including the identification of crack length, extension direction and fracture zone orientation; the fracture-cavity reservoir can also be identified; for fault-type reservoirs, the fracture direction is basically perpendicular to the well axis due to geological action, and the results indicate that the borehole Radar identification of such reservoirs is not feasible. There are many influencing factors for the detection of underground media by borehole radar. There are also many problems in the change of borehole environment and the setting of borehole radar system. Therefore, this paper designs related models to explore the factors affecting the detection effect of borehole radar, such as the expansion of the wellbore, the diameter of the wellbore and the salinity of the water-based mud, and the setting of the basic parameters of the antenna. analysis. The results show that the borehole radar has obvious signal response to the expansion phenomenon; the mud mineralization affects the mud conductivity, the conductivity increases, the return loss increases, and the excessive conductivity leads to the echo phase distortion; the caliper, mud The relative dielectric constant and the change of the transmission and reception distance have little effect on the abnormal body echo signal of the borehole radar; the antenna center frequency affects the drilling radar resolution, and also increases the electromagnetic wave loss. The production should be set as needed. Key words: Borehole Radar, Oil and Gas Reservoir Construction, gprMax, Logging, Forward Modeling, Signal Analysis目录 I 目 录 摘要................................................................................................................I Abstract .............................................................................................................II 第 1 章 绪 论...................................................................................................1 1.1 选题及科学意义 .................................................................................... 1 1.2 研究动态及发展现状 ............................................................................ 2 1.2.1 钻孔雷达的设计发展...................................................................... 2 1.2.2 钻孔雷达工程应用及探测方式...................................................... 3 1.2.3 钻孔雷达模拟技术的发展现状...................................................... 4 1.3