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提高农户小额信用贷款风险管理水平，促进农户小额信用贷款可持续发展，
无论对农村经济水平的提高还是对农村信用社战略发展都有着极其深远的重
要意义。
一方面，农户小额信用贷款是“三农经济”发展的基石。中国作为传统
的农业大国，13 亿人口，其中 9 亿生活在农村。长期以来，金融服务尤其是
信贷服务的缺乏是制约农村经济发展的瓶颈，广大低收入的农户长期得不到
正规金融机构提供的金融服务和支持，其收入和生活水平一直在贫困和低收
入边缘徘徊。优化资源配置是农村经济发展的前提和基础条件，作为农村经
济的核心，农村金融在优化农村资源配置上有着特殊的功能。农户小额信用
贷款的引入为农村中低收入家庭提供资金支持，帮助农户购买生产、生活资
料，调动农户生产经营积极性，提高农业生产效率，从根本上增加农民收入，
并有助于调动农户消费水平和消费意愿。因此，农户小额信用贷款对于优化
农村资源配置和促进农村经济发展有着无法忽视、不可替代的重大作用。
另一方面，发展农户小额信用贷款是农村信用社打造核心竞争力的需要。
1951 年 3 月，全国信用合作汇报会议指出由于生产的恢复，农民扩大再生产
需求强烈，然而部分农民因翻身不久，家底薄弱，缺乏扩大生产资金，特别
是当发生意外时，往往无法筹集资金，因此开展农村信用合作事业是广大农
民的迫切要求。可见，在新中国，农村信用社从其诞生之日起就扎根于服务农村信用社农户小额信用贷款风险管理探讨——以西昌县联社为例农村和农民，这也是 60 多年来农村信用社区别与其他银行机构的本质特点之
一。银监会公告显示
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，截止 2015 年底，银行业金融机构涉农贷款（不含票
据融资）余额 26.4 万亿元，其中农村信用社发放的涉农贷款占全国各银行业
金融机构的 30%以上，发放的农户贷款占全国的 78%，肩负了全国 98.4%和
67.7%的金融服务空白乡镇的机构覆盖和服务覆盖。近年来，随着金融市场的
开放和金融改革的持续推进，外资银行来势汹汹、民营银行雨后春笋般涌现、
网络金融层出不穷……在银行业竞争白炙化的今天，如何打造差别化的核心
竞争力以便在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地？这是目前所有银行都在深思
的难题和追逐的目标。城市市场已被众多金融机构盘踞且竞争惨烈，农村信
用社竞争能力相对弱小；而农村市场是农村信用社天生的襁褓，且具有网点
分布广及多年经验积累等先天优势。因此，深耕农村市场是农村信用社实行
差异化经营、打造核心竞争力的不二之选，农户小额信用贷款作为农村市场
的主营业务自然是发展的重中之重。
然而，农户小额信用贷款发展过程中遇到了很多问题，比如扶贫性质导
致农户还款意愿低、不良率高、贷款额度提升难、信息不对称、银行管理运
营成本高等。究竟该如何界定农户小额信用贷款？其发展中面临着哪些难
题？如何提高农户小额信用贷款风险管理以平衡其扶贫公益性、农户需求突
出性和金融机构盈利性之间的矛盾，促进农户小额信用贷款的长期持续发
展？
正是带着这些问题，本文通过资料研究、案例分析和实地调研相结合方
法，解析农户小额信用贷款及其风险管理的准确内涵，探寻国际国内发展历
程，剖析其风险管理中面临的问题及产生原因，并结合西昌县农村信用社实
证分析，提出了改进产品设计以适应农业生产需要、创新“银行+农户+种养
殖专业合作社”等贷款模式、将信贷人员薪酬与业务考核相挂钩等管理建议，
以提高农户小额信用贷款风险管理水平，促进农村经济和农村信用社的长期
可持续发展。
关键词：农村信用社 农户小额信用贷款 风险管理
①
中国银行业监督委员会. 商业银行 2015 年四季度主要监管指标数据.2016 年 2 月 15 日
http://www.cbrc.gov/chinese/home/docView/3534208F5F74422199B6B6AFC3F10EFD.htmlAbstractAbstract
The concept of microfinance originated in Columbia and the United States,
non-profit organizations explored the way of providing unsecured microfinance
service to the rural poor. China&39;s microfinance gradually developed in the middle
of 1990s, initiated by the government and non-profit organizations to promote
poverty alleviation. Since the State Council issued the reform on rural financial
system in 1996, the Rural Credit Cooperatives acted as the main force in the rural
economic development, providing lots of financial support, especially a huge
number of micro credit loans to the farmers. Improving risk management and
promoting sustainable development of micro credit have been a matter of great
importance, no matter to the improvement of rural economic or the development of
Rural Credit Cooperatives.
On the one hand, the Rural Household Micro Credit Loan is the foundation of
the three-agricultural economy development, building the new socialist rural
areas. As an agricultural country, there are 900 million people living in rural areas
with a population of 1.3 billion in China. For a long time, lack of financial services,
especially insufficiency of credit service, has been a bottleneck restricting the
development of rural economy. A large number of low-income farmers has no
access to financial services and support from the formal financial institutions, and
their living standards have been hovering in the poverty edge. In order to promote
the development of rural economy, it is necessary to optimize the allocation of
rural resources. Since finance is the core of modern economy, rural finance is the
heart of rural economy and plays a key role in optimizing rural resources
allocation. The introduction of the Rural Household Micro Credit Loans has been
providing financial support to rural low-income families, helping them to buy
production materials, enhance manufacturing enthusiasm, improve agricultural
producing efficiency, increase income and boost consumption. Therefore, the
Rural Household Micro Credit Loans has been playing an irreplaceable key role inStudy on the Risk Management of Rural Small Credit Loans--Based on Rural Credit Cooperatives of Xichangoptimizing rural resources allocation and promoting development of rural
economy.
On the other hand, promoting the development of Rural Household Micro
Credit Loans is the key way of building core competitiveness for Rural Credit
Cooperatives. In March 1951, the National Credit Cooperation Meeting reported
Due to production recovery in land reform area, farmers had become richer,
demanding savings surplus and expanding reproduction. And because of improved
economic conditions, rural family economy was weak in front of unforeseen
circumstances and hardly obtained loans. It’s an urgent requirement to develop
rural credit cooperation for the masses of peasants . Thus, since the birth of Rural
Credit Cooperatives in new China, serving the needs of the countryside and
farmers has been an essential characteristic compared with other banking
institutions in more than 60 years. According to statistics of the China Banking
Regulatory Commission, agriculture-related loans (excluding bill financing) have
reached 26.4 trillion by the end of 2015, among which 30% of agriculture-related
loans and 78% of farmers loans are offered by the Rural Credit Cooperatives.
Meanwhile, the Rural Credit Cooperatives also have shouldered 98.4% of
institutional coverage and 67.7% of service coverage of the gaps of the basic
financial services in the rural area. With the opening up of financial market and
continuously advancing of financial reform, foreign banks and private banks as
well as network finance emerged like bamboo shooting after a spring rain in recent
years. In front of fierce competition in the banking industry, how to build up core
competitiveness and fight for an invincible position in the market has been a major
problem stirring the nerve of all banks. Since city markets have been entrenched
by many different financial institutions and competes with each other fiercely,
Rural Credit Cooperatives have no competitiveness in the city. Born in countryside
with a large number of branches and years of accumulated experience, t
