文本描述
近年来,房地产行业作为我国经济发展的重要产业之一,在其不断发展、完善的过 程中,行业利润越来越趋于平均。同时,随着国家对该行业宏观调控政策的收紧,行业 竞争日趋激烈。在这一背景下,国内部分标杆房企的成本管理已经开始从粗放型管理模 式向集约型管理模式转变,但行业总体成本管理水平仍普遍较为落后,尤其是中小型房 地产企业,在成本控制方面依然存在着定位不清、职责不明、管理程序不健全、管理方 法不科学等诸多问题,严重影响着企业的生存和发展。如何通过实现有效的成本管理来 提升企业竞争力,已经成为诸多房地产企业亟待解决的一个重要问题。 本文以 Y 房地产公司为研究对象,结合该公司 W 房地产开发项目,以成本管理优化 为目的,对 W 房地产开发项目的实施过程展开分析,以期将成本优化的管理理论与方法 应用到具体工程项目的成本管理中,寻求符合公司发展实际的成本优化方法,建立有效 的成本管控体系。 为此,本文借助目标成本控制、动态成本控制、全过程成本控制等理论,采取文献 梳理、问卷调查、案例分析等方法,首先梳理 W 项目实施过程中成本控制的现状;然后 结合房地产开发项目实施过程的五个阶段(前期策划阶段、设计阶段、招标阶段、施工 阶段、竣工结算阶段 主要问题及产生问题的原因;在此基础上,给出 Y 公司房地产开 发项目成本控制的优化方案,并从制度体系和组织体系两个维度给出实施保障措施。 希望通过本文的研究,能够为 Y 公司构建有效的房地产开发项目成本管理模式提供 参考,同时,也为其他房地产开发企业的成本管理提供一定的借鉴。 关键词:房地产开发项目,目标成本,动态成本,全过程成本,成本控制III ABSTRACT In recent years, as one of the important industries in China's economic development, the real estate industry's profits tend to be more and more equal in the process of its continuous development and improvement. At the same time, With the tightening of the country's macro-control policies on the industry, industry competition has become increasingly fierce. In this context, the cost management of some domestic benchmark housing companies has begun to change from an extensive management model to an intensive management model, but the overall cost management level of the industry is still generally lagging behind, especially for small and medium-sized real estate companies ,there are still many problems in cost control, such as unclear positioning, unclear responsibilities, unsound management procedures, and unscientific management methods, Which seriously affect the survival and development of enterprises. How to improve the competitiveness of enterprises through effective cost management has become an important issue that many real estate companies need to solve urgently. This article takes Y real estate company as the research object, combined With the company’s W real estate development project, With the purpose of cost management optimization, and analyzes the implementation process of W real estate development project in order to apply the management theory and methods of cost optimization to the cost management of specific engineering projects. In cost management, seek cost optimization methods that meet the actual development of the company and establish an effective cost control system. To this end, this paper uses the theories of target cost control, dynamic cost control, and full-process cost control, and adopts methods such as literature review, questionnaire survey, case analysis, etc., first sort out the current situation of cost control in the implementation of W project; then combine the five stages of the implementation process of the real estate development project (pre-planning stage, design stage, bidding stage, construction stage, completion and settlement stage) to analyze the main problems existing in each stage and the reasons for the problems; on this basis, an optimization plan for cost control of Y company's real estate development project is given, and implementation safeguard measures are given from the two dimensions of the institutional system and the organizational system. It is hoped that the research in this article can provide reference for Y company to construct an effective cost management model for real estate development projects, and at the same time, it can also provide a certain reference for the cost management of other real estate development enterprises. KEY WORDS: Real estate development project; Target cost; Dynamic cost; Whole process cost; Cost ControlV 目 录 摘要....... I ABSTRACT..........................III 第一章 绪 论.........................1 1.1 研究的背景及意义...... 1 1.1.1 研究背景...............1 1.1.2 研究意义...............1 1.2 文献综述...................... 3 1.2.1 国外研究现状.......3 1.2.2 国内研究现状.......4 1.2.3 国内外研究述评...6 1.3 研究内容与方法.......... 6 1.3.1 研究内容...............6 1.3.2 研究方法...............9 1.4 创新点...........................9 第二章 房地产开发项目成本控制相关理论....11 2.1 房地产项目开发成本.11 2.1.1 房地产开发项目成本概念................11 2.1.2 房地产开发项目成本内容构成........11 2.1.3 房地产开发项目的阶段划分............13 2.2 房地产开发项目成本控制....................... 15 2.2.1 房地产开发项目成本控制的概念....15 2.2.2 房地产开发项目成本控制的特点....16 2.2.3 房地产开发项目成本控制的方法....17 2.3 房地产开发项目成本控制主要理论....... 18 2.3.1 目标成本控制理论............................19VI 2.3.2 动态成本控制理论............................19 2.3.3 全过程成本控制理论........................20 第三章 Y 公司 W 项目成本控制现状...............21 3.1 Y 公司介紹.................21 3.2 W 项目概况................23 3.3 W 项目成本控制现状23 3.3.1 项目成本构成......23 3.3.2 项目成本管理制度.............................25 3.3.3 项目成本管理机构............................25 3.3.4 项目成本控制措施............................27 第四章 W 项目成本控制存在的问题及成因分析.......................... 29 4.1 W 项目成本控制问卷调查....................... 29 4.1.1 问卷设计调查.....29 4.1.2 调查结果分析.....30 4.2 W 项目成本控制存在的问题分析........... 32 4.2.1 前期策划阶段成本控制存在的问题32 4.2.2 设计阶段成本控制存在的问题........33 4.2.3 招标阶段成本控制存在问题............33 4.2.4 施工阶段成本控制存在问题............34 4.2.5 竣工结算阶段成本控制存在问题....35 4.3 W 项目成本控制存在问题的成因分析... 35 4.3.1 前期策划阶段成本控制存在问题的成因分析...............35 4.3.2 设计阶段成本控制存在问题的成因分析.......................36 4.3.3 招标阶段成本控制存在问题的成因分析.......................37 4.3.4 施工阶段成本控制存在问题的成因分析.......................38 4.3.5 竣工结算阶段成本控制存在问题的成因分析...............38 第五章 W 项目成本控制优化措施................... 41 5.1 前期策划阶段成本控制优化................... 41VII 5.1.1 建立科学投资决策体系....................41 5.1.2 加强目标成本标准化管理................41 5.2 设计阶段成本控制优化........................... 43 5.2.1 推行设计招标,择优选择................43 5.2.2 切实推行限额设计............................43 5.3 招标阶段成本控制优化措施................... 45 5.3.1 完善招投标文件评审........................45 5.3.2 实施合约规划管理............................46 5.4 施工阶段成本控制优化措施................... 50 5.4.1 加强变更签证管理............................50 5.4.2 引入动态成本控制方法....................51 5.5 竣工结算阶段成本控制优化措施........... 53 5.5.1 加强无效成本的管理........................53 5.5.2 完善竣工结算制度............................54 第六章 W 项目成本控制优化保障措施...........55 6.1 制度体系保障............ 55 6.1.1 完善招标管理制度............................55 6.1.2 完善合同管理制度............................55 6.1.3 设立成本控制激励制度....................55 6.2 组织保障.................... 56 6.2.1 调整项目组织机构............................56 6.2.2 完善岗位责任制度............................56 第七章 结论及展望.............59 7.1 结论............................ 59 7.2 展望............................ 59