I 摘要 始建辽开泰九年的奉国寺，是全国重点文物保护单位，2005 年入选世界文化遗产预 备名录，寺内的大雄殿内 534.2 平方米壁画，恢弘大气，承载着丰富的历史信息。然而， 在诸多因素影响下，壁画出现了各种各样的病害，特别是酥碱病害严重影响壁画的寿命。 历史上多次进行保护加固，如水泥修补地仗层脱落、有机材料 PVB 加固壁画表面等。 目前殿内壁画的保存情况并不乐观。通常壁画表面常用的加固材料包括有机材料和无机 材料，其中有机材料与壁画基底兼容性差；无机材料虽兼容性好，存在水中溶解度差等 缺点。随着材料学不断发展，纳米技术的应用极大改善了传统无机材料的加固效果。 本文以奉国寺模拟的酥碱壁画为对象，研究新型纳米氢氧化钙在壁画中加固的可行 性及加固效果评估。首先，研究纳米氢氧化钙是否对奉国寺常见的彩绘颜料产生影响。 根据殿内壁画常见颜料为红色、绿色和白色，本文选出 6 种颜料，铜绿、铅丹、土红、 高岭土、朱砂、石绿，分别与纳米氢氧化钙混合静置 7 天后，取干燥的混合物分析，从 微观形貌和物质组成上看，除了发现部分铅丹生成铅白，整体上该材料对壁画颜料的影 响不大。其次，对纳米氢氧化钙加固工艺及加固效果进行了分析研究。经实证研究，涂 刷工艺的加固效果大于喷洒工艺，涂刷次数在 5 次效果较好，在力学强度提升的同时， 壁画表面颜色的变化较小；本文通过与传统材料 SF-016 对比，发现后者加固样块后表 面出现反光现象；前者表现较好。由于实地操作中一般是先脱盐后加固，本实验的样品 未考虑硫酸盐的影响。 本文首次研究纳米氢氧化钙在壁画保护中对颜料可能的影响，推动了该材料在文物 保护中的应用，为后续研究提供基础。 关键词，壁画，纳米氢氧化钙，奉国寺，颜料ABSTRACT III ABSTRACT It was built as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 2005, selected as a world cultural heritage reserve list in 2005. The 534.2-square-meter paintings in the Daxiong Hall in the temple are rich in atmosphere and carry rich historical information. Under the influence of many factors, murals have a variety of diseases, especially the disease of the base seriously affects the life of the mural. In the history, protection and reinforcement have been carried out many times, such as cement repairing the mantle layer falling off, and the organic material PVB strengthening the mural surface. At present, the preservation of mural paintings in the temple is still not optimistic. Commonly used reinforcing materials on the surface of the mural include organic materials and inorganic materials, wherein the organic materials have poor compatibility with the mural base; although the inorganic materials have good compatibility, there are disadvantages such as poor solubility in water. With the continuous development of materials science, the application of nanotechnology has improved the reinforcement effect of traditional inorganic materials. In this paper, the feasibility of the reinforcement of the new nanometer calcium hydroxide in murals and the evaluation of the reinforcement effect were studied with the frusic murals simulated by Fengguo Temple. First, study whether nano-calcium hydroxide has an effect on the common paint pigments in Fengguo Temple. According to the common pigments in the mural paintings of the hall are red, green and white. In this paper, six kinds of pigments, such as patina, red lead, earth red, kaolin, cinnabar and mineral green, are selected and mixed with nano-calcium hydroxide for 7 days, then the dry mixture is analyzed. Finally, in terms of microscopic morphology and material composition, in addition to the discovery of some lead dan to lead white, the material as a whole has little effect on mural pigments. Secondly, the nano-calcium hydroxide reinforcement process and reinforcement effect were analyzed. According to empirical research, the reinforcement effect of the painting process is greater than that of the spraying process. The number of brushing is better at 5 times, and the change of the surface strength of the mural is small while the mechanical strength is improved. Compared with the traditional materials, the SF-016 reinforcement sample is found that the surface of the西北大学硕士学位报告 IV block is reflective, nano-calcium hydroxide performs better. Since the field operation is generally first demineralized and reinforced, the sample of this experiment does not consider the influence of sulfate. In this paper, the possible influence of nanometer calcium hydroxide on the pigment in the protection of murals is studied for the first time, which promotes the application of the material in cultural relics protection and provides a basis for subsequent research. Keywords: Wall painting, Nano calcium hydroxide, Fengguo temple, Pigment插图索引 V 插图索引 图 1 墨西哥乔鲁拉壁画有机材料保护性破坏.....................................................................5 图 2 墨西哥图卢姆壁画高分材料保护性破坏.....................................................................5 图 3 墨西哥 Ixcaquixtla 考古遗址墓室内壁画.....................................................................9 图 4 奉国寺壁画部分病害...................................................................................................12 图 5 大雄殿北墙示意图（中间为大雄殿后门）...............................................................12 图 6 壁画脱盐示意图...........................................................................................................15 图 7 墨西哥的卡拉科姆鲁壁画...........................................................................................16 图 8 所用纳米氢氧化钙尺寸分布图...................................................................................20 图 9 颜料与材料反应实验...................................................................................................21 图 10 奉国寺壁画绿色颜料拉曼分析结果.........................................................................22 图 11 d7-铜绿 X 射线衍射图谱..........................................................................................23 图 12 d7-铜绿 红外光谱图..................................................................................................23 图 13 扫描电镜下，铜绿颜料与 NL 反应前后形貌对比..................................................23 图 14 d7-石绿 X 射线衍射图谱..........................................................................................24 图 15 d7-石绿 红外光谱图..................................................................................................25 图 16 扫描电镜下，石绿颜料与 NL 反应前后形貌对比..................................................25 图 17 d7-土红 X 射线衍射谱图..........................................................................................26 图 18 d7-土红 红外光谱图..................................................................................................26 图 19 扫描电镜下，土红颜料与 NL 反应前后形貌对比..................................................26 图 20 d7-高岭土 X 射线衍射谱图......................................................................................27 图 21 d7-高岭土 红外光谱谱图..........................................................................................27 图 22 扫描电镜下，高岭土与 NL 反应前后形貌对比......................................................28 图 23 d7-朱砂 X 射线衍射谱图..........................................................................................28 图 24 扫描电镜下，朱砂与 NL 反应前后形貌对比..........................................................29 图 25 d7-铅丹 X 射线衍射谱图..........................................................................................29 图 26 d7-铅丹 红外光谱谱图..............................................................................................30 图 27 扫描电镜下，铅丹与 NL 反应前后形貌对比..........................................................30西北大学硕士学位报告 VI 图 28 奉国寺壁画的胶料分析............................................................................................. 34 图 29 涂刷加固记录............................................................................................................. 38 图 30 铜绿样块加固前后，超景深形貌变化..................................................................... 41 图 31 朱