随着人口的增加!城市化进程的加快以及工农业的快速发展,水资源短缺及水环境 污染已成为我国面临的主要环境问题西安市是全国40个严重缺水城市之一,污水的 回收与再利用成为解决西安水资源短缺!改善水环境的重要途径之一大规模的集中污 水处理需进行相应的管网建设和流域范围内的污水收集,需要庞大的管网系统,投资巨 大,运行维护费用昂贵目前在污水处理利用方面都积极倡导污水分散处理方法,就地 处理就地回用,实现水资源的循环利用本文结合/西安水资源开发利用规划0!/西安 市中水利用规划0等项目,通过实地调查!资料收集!理论分析对西安市分散式中水利 用的可行性进行了研究,取得以下研究成果: (1)通过全面调研西安市水资源!供水系统!用水结构及污水处理等情况,分析 了水资源开发利用中存在的问题及供用水趋势,进行了水资源供需平衡计算; (2)运用相关分析法预测了西安市中水的潜在需求量,论证了实施分散式中水利 用的必要性; (3)选取了二个具有代表性的分散式系统(生活小区和高等学校),对其中水量进 行了预测,采用意愿调查法设立分散式中水利用最小经济规模的意愿支付函数,并根据 己有的分散式污水再生回用工程的运行成本模型!中水与自来水的价格确定出分散式污 水处理设施的最小经济规模; (4)参考并调查分析了北京市现有分散式中水工程(生化一物化处理工艺)投资! 运行费用和经济效益,结合西安市具体情况,得出单位水量投资与设计规模的关系以及 不同运行水量百分比下的总运行成本,估算出西安市典型高校及小区的工程投资!不同 水量下的工程运行费用及工程经济效益(直接经济效益和间接经济效益),并通过实例 分析论证了分散式中水利用的可行性 关键词:城市污水资源化!分散式中水利用!中水量预测!工程投资!经济效益!运行成本!西安 市 妙Abstf8Ct WiththeinereaseofPoPulation,urbanization,thedeveloPmentofindustryandagrieulture, 认值tershortageandPollutionbeeomesoneofthemainProblemsfacinginChina,Xi,anisa seriouswatershortageintheeountry,540eities.认值terreeyelingandreusingbeeomesoneof themostimPortantwaystosolvetheshortageofwaterresoureesinXi,an.Large一seale treatmentofsewagePIPenetworkrequiresaeorresPondingrangeofeonstruetionandsewage collectionbasin,Whichrequireshugesystems,andhugeinvestment.OPerationand maintenaneeeostsarehigh.SeientistsareactivelyadvocatingdeeeniralizedsewagedisPosal andreeyeleinordertorealizewaterreeycleandwaterbalaneebiningwiththe0Xi,an integratedwaterresourcesPlanning,0Xi,anreelaimedwaterPlanning0ete,throughfield survey,dataeolleetion,theoretiealanalysis,thefeasibilityofdeeentralizedwastewaterreuse inXi,anhasbeenstudied,themainresearchresultsareasfollows: (1)ThroughaeomPrehensivesurveyoftheXi.ancitysituation,whiehineludingthewater resouree,watersuPPlysystem,sewagetreatmentete,thePaperanalyzedthesituationofwater resoureesutilization,thebalanceofsuPPlyanddemandsituationanddeveloPingtrendof Xi.an; (2)ThePaPeralsoforeastedthePotentialdemandofreelaimedwaterinXi.anusing eorrelationanalysis,PuttingforwardtheneeessityofdeeentralizedsewagedisPosaland reeyele; (3)ThePaPerseleetedtworePresentativedeeentralizedsystems(resideniialdistrietandhigh school),throughwhiehtoPrediettheamountofreelaimedwater,EstablishedbyCVM distributedinwateruse,eeonomiesofscalewillPaytheminimumfunetion,andin aeeordaneewiththeexistingdeceniralizedwastewaterreelamationandreuseProjeets oPeratingeostmodel,thePrieeoftapwateranddistributedtodeterminetheminimumsewage treatmentfaeilitieseeonomiesofseale; (4)ThLroughrefereneeandinvestigationofinvestment,oPeratingeostsandeeonomie benefitsofexistingdeeentralizedwastewaterreeyelingsystemsinBeijing(usingBiochemieal一Physieo一ehemiealtreatmentteehnology),combinedWithXi,ancircumstances, eometotherelationshiPbetweentheinvestmentofunitvolumeofsewagetreatmentand designsize,aswellastheoPerationeostunderdifferentPereentagesofthetotalrunning water.ThePaperhasestimatedthetyPiealeollegeandtheresidentialareaofXi.an,s wastewaterreuseProjectinvestmeni,andtheProjeetrunningeostsunderdifferentsewage treatmenteaPaeityaswellasProjeetcost(directeeonomiebenefltsandindirecteconomie benefits),anddemonstratedbyexamPlesofdecentralizedwastewaterreuseisfeasible. Keywords:Urbanwastewater-reusing:deeentralizedwastewaterreuse;reelaimedwater foreeasting;Projeetinvestmeni:eeonomieeffieieney:oPeratingcosts:Xi.an.目录 第一章绪论.,二.........,,二.,.......,1 1.1研究背景.......................................................................................................1 研究的目的和意义.......................,.........................................................3 研究的内容及技术路线..............................................,..................................3 ,乙内jjjl1.... 第二章分散式中水系统概述,.,..,,..,...,..二,,..,5 中水回用系统的分类...........................................................................................5 分散式污水处理与回用....................................................,............................6 1.勺二-乙今勺- 分散式污水处理回用的概念......... 分散式污水处理回用方式及其优缺点 ...................................................6 ..................................................7 2.3分散式中水利用国内外研究现状..................................................8 外内国国2.3.1..................................................8 2.3.2 ..................................................9 2.3.3存在的问题.,........................................11 中水水源及水质标准..............................................11 中水水源的种类及选择原则...........................................11 伪乙气!q4石U-U厂Oq-U勺01八qOCO八司1.-11111....,1.,JJ111....,..q,.孟1.中水原水水质................... 中水回用水质标准........... 以优质杂排水为原水的中水处理工艺 4q!a勺-,山 第三章研究区水资源及开发利用现状 3.1水资源状况及水资源开发利用中的问题 3.1.1 3.1.2 水资源现状 水资源特性 3.1.3水资源开发利用中的环境问题 3.2水资源供需问题及趋势分析 供水情况 用水情况 I3.2.3供用水趋势分析........................................................................19 3.2.4节水现状................................................................................................21 3.2.5水环境现状.......................................................................................#22 3.2.6供需平衡分析......................................................................................23 3.3解决西安市水资源短缺问题的若干途径.........................................................23 3.3.1跨流域调水........................................................................,..........#23 3.3.2雨水资源化.......................................................................................#24 3.3.3城市污水资源化(中水回用)............................................................24 第四章西安市污水回用现状及水量预测.......,..................,25 4.1城市排水现状及规划..........................................................................................25 4.1.1城市排水现状.......................................................#25 4.1.2城市排水规划.....-..............................................................................25 4.2西安市污水回用现状........................................................................................26 4.2.1城市中水利用现状..................................................................................26 4.2.2建筑!区域中水利用现状......................................................................27 4.3西安市污水排放总量预测.................-................................................................28 4.4西安市潜在中水量预测..........................................................................,....29 4.4.1人口规模预测...................................................................................#29 4.4.2潜在中水量预测.........................................................................,....31 4.5分散式中水利用的必要性和可行性......................................................,....33 4.5.1必要性....................................................................................................33 4.5.2可行性......................................................................,............,....33 第五章西安市典型高校及居住小区中水量预测....................................35 5.1高校用水特点..............................................................................35 5.2西安市高校用水概况...............................................35 5.3西安