目前,我国应用最普遍的卫生设施有两种类型,即水冲式厕所和早厕,但这两种设 施都有很大的局限性,并不适合解决我国的环境卫生问题日本环境友好型生态厕所利 用木屑做微生物反应基质,使人的排泄物中包含的细菌在木屑中快速繁殖,并迅速分解 排泄物它与传统厕所相比主要有以下优点:^1节约水资源;o不产生污染;>>无臭 味; 1/4 资源再生 木屑是这种生态厕所中的关键材料由于我国木材资源相当匾乏,在我国,木屑并 不是理想的微生物基质另一方面,我国玉米秸秆资源十分丰富,其中大部分均被闲置 浪费或就地焚烧,造成了严重的环境污染由于玉米秸秆的组成成分与木屑具有相似性, 并且同样具有较高的孔隙度和较好的持水!排水性,代替木屑做反应基质具有现实和理 论基础 本文用玉米秸秆与木屑做对比实验,实验采用仿照日本生态厕所设计制造的生态厕 所模拟反应器,实验内容主要有: 首先,采用常压105e干燥法测定含水率和总重量,计算总干重的削减率实验结 果发现秸秆十粪便混合物总重量的最终削减率高于木屑十粪便混合物,结果分别是79.%7 和70.2% 其次分别采用微量开氏定氮法测定混合物总氮含量;采用钒铝黄比色法测定混合物 总磷含量;采用重铬酸钾容量法测定混合物总有机质含量实验结果发现秸秆+粪便混 合物中氮的损失效率略大于木屑混合物,分别是33.8%和28.%7但由于秸秆本身的含氮 量高于木屑,使得秸秆混合物的最终含氮量为81.769/kg,高于木屑509/kg的数值两 种混合物的含磷量分别是10.29/kg和8.69/kg,同样是秸秆的数值大一些 排泄物中有机物质在微生物的作用下积累和分解同时进行,秸秆混合物有机物累积 和分解的过程基本平衡,数值变化不明显,木屑混合物有机质积累速率大于分解速率, 有机质含量上升,达到平衡点后上升趋势减弱,在实验的第30天,两种混合物的有机 质含量分别是7769/kg和8159/kg,木屑混合物略高 最后用HP计测定混合物的HP值,结果发现两种混合物的HP值变化可分两个阶段: 在反应的前10天,秸秆混合物的HP值始终小于7,在6.14一6.74范围变化,呈弱酸性, 木屑的HP值在6.25一7.1范围变化,接近中性,秸秆混合物的HP值低于木屑混合物; 在反应的后20天,秸秆混合物的HP值大于7,在7.55一8.25之间变化,呈弱碱性,木 屑混合物的HP值在7.84一8.2范围变化,此时两种混合物的PH值十分接近 综上,秸秆可以提供微生物生存繁殖的理想环境,用玉米秸秆代替木屑,可以增加 人粪便减量效果,更好的达到生态厕所减量化的目的;同时反应产物富含氮磷元素和有 机质,适于做有机肥料,达到资源化的目的;反应过程中HP值保持在6一8之间,可以 较好的控制氨气挥发,达到无害化的目的 关健词:生态厕所;秸秆;木屑;总重量削减率;总氮;总磷;总有机质;PH IAbstraCt Thetwokindsoftraditionaltoilets,flus卜toiletnadnowaterfius-htoilet,aerPorvednot fitofrresolvingthesnaitationProblemsofdeveloPingeountries,eeartinlyineludingChina. Swadustenaereatenaidealenviromneniofraeorbiebaectriatot丽ve,deeomPose,nad distinguishbiomasswastesinioearbondioxidenadwate.rBio一toilethasalotofmeritssueh as(1)eonsevrationofresouree,(2)reduetionofenviromnenatlPollutio.n(3)reeoveyrnad reeycleofnutrientsnad(4)rfeeofodo.r50bio一toilethasveyrgoodofergroundinChina. Sa!vdust15theeureialelemeniinbiotoilet.Buthtere15laceofsawdustinChina.China hasbaundanleomstalknadmuchofitwasburned.Conrstalkhassomeeharaeteristieslike swadust.ThecomPonentsofeomstalkaerhtesmaeasswadus七eomstalkalsohashigh Porosit,yhighWatererteniionnadhighdrainage.Beeuaseofbaoveeroasns,usingeomstalk asthematrixofbio一toiletmoredapasttoChineseaeota1iyt. ThisPpaereomParedthedeereasingrateofeomstalkwihtsawdust.Thearteoftotal weightreduetionofefees一eomstalkmixture15higherhtnaefee-ssawdustmixture.Theresults are79.7%nad70.2%resPeetivel.y AndmoereomParedthenitorgen,PhosPhoorusnadogr耐ematereonteniinefee,eom stalkmixture初thefee,swadustmiXture.Therateofnitrogenlosingwas33.8%nad28.7% ersPeetively.Buthtelastresultinocmstalkmixture!vashigherthnaswadustmixtuer, beeuasethenitrogenineomstalkwashihgerhtnaswadust.Onthethirtiehtday,nitrogenin twomixtuersystems15sl.76kg/gnad50g瓜grePseetively. PhosPhorouseonteniofefees一comstalkwashigherthiniefees一swadustmixtuer.Lastl,y efees一eomstalkmixUrte.5PhosPhorouseonieniwas9.skg/gnadefee,swadustmixture.5was 8叭.g AeemuulationnaddeeomPositionofogrnaiematerintwomixtuersaretkaePlaceatthe smaetime.TheehnageofogrnaicmaterineomstalkmixtuerwasnotpaPaernibeeuase aceunrulationnaddeeomPositionkePtbalnaee.Themaountofogr耐ematerinsawdust mixturewasineermenibeeuasetherateofacemuulation15higherthnatherateof deeomPosition.onthehtirtiethda,yogrnaiematerineomstalknadswadustmixture15 776kg/gnad81skg/gresPectively. PHintheefees一eomstalkmixtureehnagedrfom6.14to6.74,whieh15lowerthna efees一swadustmixture.Atfep四ardPHintheefee,eomstalkmixtureehnagedorfm7.55to 8 . 25,whleh15eonsisteniwithefees一swadustmixtuerbasically. Comstalkmalrix15naidealenviornnrentofraerobiebaeteriatot而ve,nadtodeeomPosehuntnaefeesassawdust.Theermainsofefees一comstalkmixturehasenough nirtogne,PhoPshorousnadorg耐emater.PHeonditionenaihnibitgivingoffmnaronia. Kyewords:bio一toilet;eonrstalk:swaudst;rateoftotalweihgtreudction;nirtogen: PhosPhoorus:ogr耐emater:PH 111目录 摘要,0000/./000.0/.0二00/./00/000000二0/0.0././././//00///./0.00....../..,0..,I AbstraCL.0.00000.0////二/0.0000/00..00/00..///////.00/00/000/0.0.00.0000...00.0.11 第一章前言二/000.0000.0./二//////./00000000.00.00二00/0/.0.0二00.///0/二/,0/二/.,.1 1.1传统厕所的环境问题.............................1 1.1.1水资源的严重浪费.......................................,#1 1.1.2环境恶化...........................................................................................................1 1.1.3给人体健康带来巨大威胁...............................................................................2 1.2长春市公共厕所污染情况调查...............................................................................2 第二章目前国内外生态厕所的类型及特点二/0//.00.0.0二000//二/.0/./.0000./..0,00,4 2.1水冲型生态厕所.....................................................................................4 2.1.1沼气净化池...................................................................................................4 2.1.2生活污水沼气净化池.................................4 2.1.3土地处理型......................................................................................................#..5 2.2免水冲洗生态厕所........................................................#.#5 2 . 2 . 1无水打包型..........................................,.............................................#5 2.2.2生物处理制肥型...........................................................5 2.2.3循环水冲洗型.............,.........................................................................#.......6 2.3日本环境友好型生态厕所的原理及优点...............................................................7 2.3.1原理...................................................................................................................7 2.3.2优点.....................................................................................................................9 2 . 4玉米秸秆代替木屑的可行性...................................................................................9 2.4.1我国玉米秸杆资源现状...........................#9 2.4.2玉米秸秆与木屑理化性质对比分析...............................................................9 2.4.3替代品实验对该种生态厕所在我国推广的重要意义...................................10 第三章实脸材料与方法.00..0//00000000/0000/0000000000/0二///0#///#0/#/0/#00二n 3.1实验试剂与仪器.............................................................................................#11 3.1.1实验材料....................................,..................................................................n 3.1.2实验试剂............,........,..,.......................................................11 3.1.3实验仪器............................................................................................................12 3.2实验过程................................................................................................................12 3.2.1实验方法...........................................................................................................12 3 . 2 . 2反应条件......,...............................................................,....................12 丫,3.3测定方法.................................................................................................................14 3.3.1降解效率......................................................................................