Miria A. Pigato, Editor Fiscal Policies forDevelopment andClimate Action INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: worldbank Some rights reserved 1 2 3 422 21 20 19Books in this series are published to communicate the results of Bank research, analysis, and operationalexperience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from book tobook. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, inter- pretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guaranteethe accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other informa- tion shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerningthe legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are freeto copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the followingconditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Miria A. Pigato, Editor. 2019.Fiscal Policies for Developmentand Climate Action.International Development in Focus. Washington, DC: WorldBank. doi:10.1596/978- 1-4648-1358-0 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an officialWorld Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed inthe adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsedby The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content con- tained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party- owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those thirdparties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-usea component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for thatre-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, butare not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World BankGroup, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank. ISBN: 978-1-4648-1358-0 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1358-0 Cover photo: ARTappler/iStock by Getty Images. Used with the permission of iStock by Getty Images.Permission required for reuse. Cover design: Debra Naylor / Naylor Design Inc. 。。。。。。