Quantifying Peace and its Benefits The Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit think tankdedicated to shifting the world’s focus to peace as a positive, achievable, and tangible measure ofhuman well-being and progress. IEP achieves its goals by developing new conceptual frameworks to define peacefulness; providingmetrics for measuring peace; and uncovering the relationships between business, peace andprosperity as well as promoting a better understanding of the cultural, economic and political factorsthat create peace. IEP is headquartered in Sydney, with offices in New York, The Hague, Mexico City and Brussels.It works with a wide range of partners internationally and collaborates with intergovernmentalorganisations on measuring and communicating the economic value of peace.For more information visit economicsandpeace Please cite this report as: Institute for Economics & Peace. Global Peace Index 2018: Measuring Peace in a Complex World,Sydney, June 2018. Available from: visionofhumanity/reports (accessed Date Month Year). GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2018 | 1 Contents Key Findings 4 Highlights 6 2018 Global Peace Index rankings 8 Regional overview 12 Improvements & deteriorations 19 Ten year trends in the Global Peace Index 26 100 year trends in peace 32 Results 46 The macroeconomic impact of peace 52 What is Positive Peace 60 Trends in Positive Peace 65 What precedes a change in peacefulness 69 Positive Peace and the economy 73 Appendix A: GPI Methodology 78 Appendix B: GPI indicator sources, definitions & scoring criteria 82 Appendix C: GPI Domain scores 90 Appendix D: Economic cost of violence 93 TRENDS23 APPENDICES77 POSITIVE PEACE59 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VIOLENCE45 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY2 RESULTS5 GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2018 | 2 EXECUTIVESUMMARY This is the twelfth edition of the Global Peace Index(GPI), which ranks 163 independent states andterritories according to their level of peacefulness.Produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace(IEP), the GPI is the world’s leading measure of globalpeacefulness. This report presents the mostcomprehensive data-driven analysis to-date on trendsin peace, its economic value, and how to developpeaceful societies. The GPI covers 99.7 per cent of the world’s population,using 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators fromhighly respected sources, and measures the state ofpeace using three thematic domains: the level ofSocietalSafety and Security ; the extent ofOngoingDomesticandInternational Conflict ; and the degree ofMilitarisation .In addition to presenting the findings from the 2018GPI, this year’s report includes analysis of trends inPositive Peace: the attitudes, institutions, and structuresthat create and sustain peaceful societies. It looks atchanges in indicators of Positive Peace thatimmediately precede deteriorations or improvements inpeacefulness, which provides a framework forpredictive analysis. The report also assesses the ways inwhich high levels of peace positively influence majormacroeconomic indicators.The results of the 2018 GPI find that the global level ofpeace has deteriorated by 0.27 per cent in the last year,marking the fourth successive year of deteriorations.Ninety-two countries deteriorated, while 71 countriesimproved. The 2018 GPI reveals a world in which thetensions, conflicts, and crises that emerged in the pastdecade remain unresolved, especially in the MiddleEast, resulting in this gradual, sustained fall inpeacefulness. Underlying the fall in peacefulness, six of the nineregions in the world deteriorated in the last year. Thefour most peaceful regions – Europe, North America,Asia-Pacific, and South America – all recordeddeteriorations, with the largest overall deteriorationoccurring in South America, owing to falls in theSafetyand Securitydomain, mainly due to increases in theincarceration rateandimpact of terrorism . Iceland remains the most peaceful country in the world,a position it has held since 2008. It is joined at the topof the index by New Zealand, Austria, Portugal, andDenmark. Syria remains the least peaceful country inthe world, a position it has held for the past five years.Afghanistan, South Sudan, Iraq, and Somalia comprisethe remaining least peaceful countries.Europe, the world’s most peaceful region, recorded adeterioration for the third straight year. It deterioratedacross all three GPI domains and eleven indicators,most notably on theintensity of internal conflictandrelations with neighbouring countries . For the first timein the history of the index, a Western European countryexperienced one of the five largest deteriorations, withSpain falling 10 places in the rankings to 30th, owing tointernal political tensions and an increase in the impactof terrorism.South Asia experienced the largest regionalimprovement in peacefulness, with Bhutan, Sri Lanka,India, and Nepal all improving. Four of the five largestimprovements in peacefulness occurred in sub-SaharanAfrica, despite the region having a slight deteriorationin its overall peacefulness. The single largest countryimprovement occurred in the Gambia, whereimprovements inpolitical instability ,perceptions ofcriminality , andrelations with neighbouring countries saw it improve 35 places in the rankings, moving up to76th. The election of the new president Adama Barrowlay behind the improvements in political stability andthe Gambia’s relations with neighbouring countries. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regionrecorded an improvement in peacefulness for only thethird time in the last eleven years. Despite theimprovement, it remains the world’s least peacefulregion, a position it has held since 2015. Qatarexperienced the single largest deterioration inpeacefulness, as the political and economic boycottplaced on it by the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, andBahrain led to deteriorations inrelations withneighbouring countriesandpolitical instability . The ten-year trend in peacefulness finds that globalpeacefulness has deteriorated by 2.38 per cent since2008, with 85 GPI countries recording a deterioration,while 75 improved. The index has deteriorated for eightof the last eleven years, with the last improvement inpeacefulness occurring in 2014. In Europe, the world’smost peaceful region, 61 per cent of countries havedeteriorated since 2008. Not one Nordic country ismore peaceful now than in 2008. Global peacefulness has deteriorated across two of thethree GPI domains over the past decade, withOngoingConflictdeteriorating by six per cent andSafety andSecuritydeteriorating by three per cent. Terrorism andGLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2018 | 2 。。。。。。