在经济新常态下，我国的资源配置方式和经济发展方式发生转变。新疆电力工业发 展最主要的矛盾就是发电能力与社会需求量不匹配，发电能力严重过剩。据此，新疆发 改委提出“电气化新疆”工作方案，并且在建筑领域提出通过开展发热电缆、蓄热式电 锅炉、热泵等电采暖方案来解决弃电难题，攻克新疆电力发展矛盾。本题目旨在新疆地 区严重弃火、弃风以及弃光背景下，论证电采暖在新疆的可行性及适用性，为电力就地 消纳提供切实可行的出路，推进“电气化新疆”的步伐；同时，分析比较不同的电采暖 方式，找出各类电采暖系统最适合的采暖地区和建筑类型，进一步满足人们对建筑环境 热舒适性的要求，为我国节能减排工作提供切实可行的方案。 本文对新疆地区的电能替代潜力进行了分析，介绍了该地区能源结构特点、不同类 型采暖方式所占的比例以及可再生能源发电及利用状况，并在此基础上提出电能替代的 必要性。本文介绍了常见的电采暖方案及其特点，并利用费用年值法对不同采暖系统进 行了经济性分析，这为后期进行电采暖方案的选择提供了理论基础。本文根据新疆地区 的气候条件、地热能资源及风电分布情况对几种电采暖系统在新疆的适用性进行了分 析。本文介绍了不同建筑的负荷特点，在此基础上，结合前文的研究成果对不同建筑类 型进行了电采暖系统的匹配。本文以乌鲁木齐某小区建筑为例，利用 DeST-h 软件对该 建筑进行了能耗模拟，并进行了经济性分析。经过上述方法的研究，现将研究结论叙述 如下。 首先，本文从电能替代潜力入手，研究结果表明，新疆地区以煤炭为主的采暖模式 是造成冬季雾霾严重、弃风弃电严重以及冬季热电比不匹配的罪魁祸首，因此在新疆开 展电能替代工作很有必要。其次，本文从经济性的角度研究，结果表明，对于居住建筑， 应该优先发展电热膜、发热电缆及蓄热式电锅炉分散采暖；对于公共建筑，应该优先发 展热泵采暖系统，其次是电热膜、发热电缆采暖及蓄热式电锅炉分散采暖；无论是公共 建筑还是居住建筑，都不提倡大规模发展蓄热式电锅炉集中采暖模式。再其次，本文对 电采暖项目进行了实测，记录了发热电缆采暖房间室内温度的升温及降温过程，结果表 明，在最冷月最低气温时发热电缆可以满足采暖需求。随后，本文从结霜机理出发对空II 气源热泵的适应性进行判断，结果表明，新疆绝大部分地区不适合推行空气源热泵采暖 方式。再随后，本文通过对新疆地区地表水源、地下水源、地热资源及冬夏建筑冷热负 荷的分析，得出采用 GCHP、GWHP 技术进行供暖比较适宜新疆的实际情况，并且应该 着重在阿勒泰、伊犁、博州、塔城、喀什、克州等地区进行重点推广应用。最后，本文 结合不同建筑类型的热负荷特点，对电采暖系统与建筑进行了适应性分析，并以乌鲁木 齐某小区为例，通过 DeST-h 软件进行采暖能耗模拟以及采暖费用年值分析。结果表明， 电热膜、发热电缆采暖采暖方式相较于乌鲁木齐现在的以燃气锅炉房为主的采暖形式， 会表现出很高的经济优越性。综上可知，无论从经济性、技术适应性、建筑适应性还是 环境效益来讲，电采暖系统都完全可以胜任新疆的采暖工作。 关键词，电采暖；经济性；技术适应性；建筑适应性；能耗模拟III Abstract Under the new normal economy, the mode of resource allocation and economic development in our country have changed. The main contradiction in the development of power industry in Xinjiang is that the generation capacity and the social demand do not match, and the power generation capacity is excessive. Accordingly, the Xinjiang Development and Reform Commission proposed the “electrification of Xinjiang” work program, and proposed in the construction field to solve the problem of abandoning electricity through the implementation of heating cables, regenerative electric boilers, heat pumps and other electric heating programs, and to overcome the contradictions of Xinjiang's electric power development. This topic aims to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of electric heating in Xinjiang under the background of serious abandonment of fire, wind abandonment, and abandonment of light in Xinjiang, and to provide a feasible outlet for the local consumption of electricity and advance the pace of “Electrification in Xinjiang”. At the same time, it analyzes and compares different electric heating methods, finds the most appropriate heating areas and building types for various types of electric heating systems, further meets people's requirements for the thermal comfort of the building environment, and provides practical and feasible plans for energy conservation and emission reduction in China. In this paper, the energy substitution potential of Xinjiang region is analyzed, the structure characteristics of this area, the proportion of different types of heating methods and the status of renewable energy generation and utilization are introduced. On this basis, the necessity of electrical energy substitution is proposed. This article describes the common electric heating scheme and its characteristics, and uses the annual cost method to analyze the economics of different heating systems. This provides a theoretical basis for the later selection of electric heating schemes. In this paper, the applicability of several electric heating systems in Xinjiang is analyzed based on the climatic conditions, geothermal energy resources andIV wind power distribution in Xinjiang region. This paper introduces the load characteristics of different buildings. Based on this, combined with the previous research results, the electric heating systems of different building types are matched. This paper takes a residential building in Urumqi as an example, uses Dest-h software to simulate the energy consumption of the building, and carries on the economic analysis. After the study of the above methods, the research conclusions are described as follows. Firstly, this article starts with the potential of electric energy substitution. The results show that the coal-based heating model in Xinjiang is responsible for serious haze in winter, severe abandonment of wind, and mismatch of thermal power ratio in winter. Therefore, electric energy substitution in Xinjiang has been implemented. Work is necessary. Secondly, from the perspective of economics, the results show that for residential buildings, electric heating membranes, heating cables, and regenerative electric boilers should be preferentially developed for decentralized heating; for public buildings, priority should be given to the development of heat pump heating systems, followed by electrothermal membranes, Heating cable heating and regenerative electric boilers are widely used for decentralized heating. No matter whether it is a public building or a residential building, large-scale development of a centralized heating mode for regenerative electric boilers is not recommended. Thirdly, this article measured the electric heating project and recorded the heating and cooling process of the indoor temperature of the heating cable heating room. The results showed that the heating cable can meet the heating demand in the coldest month minimum temperature. Fourthly, this paper starts from the frosting mechanism and judges the adaptability of the air source heat pump. The results show that most regions of Xinjiang are not suitable for air source heat pump heating. Fifthly, through the analysis of surface water sources, groundwater sources, geothermal resources, and winter and summer building cooling and heating loads in Xinjiang, this paper concludes that the actual conditions of heating using GCHP and GWHP are more suitable for Xinjiang, and we should focus on the popularization and application in Altay, Ili,V Bo State, Tacheng, Kashi, and oblast areas. Finally, this paper combines the heat load characteristics of different building types, and analyzes the adaptability of the electric heating system and building. Taking a residential area in Urumqi as an example, the DeST-h software is used to simulate heating energy consumption and analyze the annual value of heating costs. The results show that heating heating methods of electrothermal membranes and heating cables will show high economic superiority compared with the current Urumqi gas-fired boiler rooms. To sum up, we can see that the electric heating system is fully qualified for the heating work in Xinjiang in terms of economy, technical adaptability, building adaptability, and environmental benefits. Key words: electric heating; economy; technology adaptability; building adaptability; energy consumption simulationVI 目录 摘要.................................................................................................................................................I Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... III 第 1 章 绪论...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 研究的背景及目的、意义 ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 研究背景 ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 研究目的 ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 研究意义 ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 国内外研究现状.................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 电能替代的必要性....................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 电采暖应用技术研究 .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.3 电采暖效益研究........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 研究内容及方法.................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.1 研究内容及创新点....................................................................................................... 7 第 2 章 电采暖替代潜力分析......................................................................................................9 2.1 新疆地区气候概况及热工分区......................................................................................... 9 2.2 新疆地区采暖概况 ............................................................................................................. 9 2.3 新疆地区能源概况 ........................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 新疆地区油气、煤炭资源 ......................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 新疆风能资源 .............................................................................................................. 11 2.3.3 新疆太阳能资源......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.4 新疆地区新能源发电现状 ........................................................................................ 12 2.3.5 新疆消纳新能源发电政策 ........................................................................................ 12 2.4 开展电能替代工作的意义 ................................................................................................ 13 2.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................................................ 13 第 3 章 常见的电采暖方案........................................................................................................15 3.1 电锅炉采暖 ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.1 直热式电锅炉采暖..................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 蓄热式电锅炉采暖..................................................................................................... 16VII 3.2 热泵采暖 ............................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 空气源热泵采暖......................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 地源热泵采暖 ............................................................................................................. 18 3.3 电暖器采暖 ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.4 发热电缆、电热膜采暖 ................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 发热电缆采暖 ............................................................................................................. 20 3.4.2 电热膜采暖 ................................................................................................................. 21 3.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................................................ 23 第 4 章 电采暖经济性分析........................................................................................................24 4.1 费用年值法 ........................................................................................................................ 24 4.2 基础建设投资.................................................................................................................... 24 4.3 系统运行费用.................................................................................................................... 25 4.4 费用年值比较..................................................................................................................... 30 4.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................................................. 33 第 5 章 电采暖技术适应性分析................................................................................................35 5.1 电热膜、发热电缆采暖技术适应性研究 ....................................................................... 35 5.1.1.采暖系统能效 .............................................................................................................. 35 5.1.2 采暖系统运行温升曲线 ............................................................................................ 36 5.1.3 采暖系统降温曲线..................................................................................................... 36 5.2 蓄热电锅炉地区适用性研究........................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 蓄热电锅炉采暖系统消纳风风电原理 ................................................................... 37 5.2.2 蓄热电锅炉采暖适用地区 ........................................................................................ 38 5.3 空气源热泵气候适应性研究........................................................................................... 39 5.3.1 热泵结霜的原理......................................................................................................... 39 5.3.2 热泵结霜判定 ............................................................................................................. 40 5.3.3 新疆地区结霜问题理论分析 .................................................................................... 41 5.3.4 结霜判定方法 ............................................................................................................. 44 5.4 地源热泵在新疆的适用性研究....................................................................................... 46 5.4.1 新疆地热资源的“潜力”分析 ..................................................................................... 46VIII 5.4.2 新疆地区地热资源开发利用现状............................................................................. 47 5.4.3 地热能开发利用规划 ................................................................................................ 47 5.4.4 新疆地区地源热泵系统的适用性分析 ................................................................... 49 5.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................................................ 51 第 6 章 电采暖与建筑适应性分析............................................................................................53 6.1 乌鲁木齐供暖现状 ........................................................................................................... 53 6.1.1 乌鲁木齐供暖能源结构 ............................................................................................ 53 6.1.2 乌鲁木齐电采暖发展现状 ........................................................................................ 53 6.1.3 乌鲁木齐集中供暖建筑面积 .................................................................................... 54 6.2 居住建筑电采暖适配性研究........................................................................................... 55 6.2.1 居住建筑热负荷特点 ................................................................................................ 55 6.2.2 居住建筑电采暖系统适配 ........................................................................................ 55 6.3 公共建筑电采暖系统适配 ............................................................................................... 57 6.3.1 学校建筑电采暖适配性研究 .................................................................................... 57 6.3.2 办公建筑电采暖适配性研究 ..................................................................................... 58 6.3.3 商场类建筑电采暖适配性研究................................................................................ 58 6.3.4 宾馆类建筑电采暖适配性研究................................................................................ 59 6.3.5 便民警务站电采暖系统适配 .................................................................................... 60 6.4 基于 DeST 软件模拟实例................................................................................................ 60 6.4.1 能耗模拟 ..................................................................................................................... 60 6.5 本章小结 ............................................................................................................................ 63 第 7 章 结论、建议及展望........................................................................................................66 7.1 主要结论 ............................................................................................................................ 66 7.2 相关建议 ............................................................................................................................ 67 7.3 不足与展望 ........................................................................................................................ 68 7.3.1 研究的不足之处......................................................................................................... 68 7.3.2 展望.............................................................................................................................. 68