在流动性较强的现代化社会，尤其是中国的经济发展和旅游发展都较快的 背景下，相继出现了沙发客、背包客、打工旅游者、旅游移民等非制度化旅游 者，产生了打工旅游现象、流动旅居现象等。厦门鼓浪屿作为我国著名的海岛 风景文化旅游区，非制度化旅游者的流动性相对较强，其中旅居者群体占有一 定比例。在现代化和流动性的背景下，身份认同是旅居者追寻的目标，身份认 同也是旅游研究领域的热点之一。基于此，文章主要对旅居者在日常生活中的 自我呈现问题，旅居者的身份认同与建构过程，旅居者的自我呈现与身份认同 的关系，以及旅居者与目的地的互动四个问题展开研究。 文章按照“文献回顾、研究设计、质性分析、策略研析”的研究思路展开 研究，主要对 34 名厦门鼓浪屿旅居者进行深度访谈，采用 Nvivo12.0、ROST Content Mining 6 等数据分析工具进行了词频统计、社会网络分析、开放式编码、 主轴式编码和选择式编码等质性分析，得出了以下研究结论：旅居者身份认同 的五大主范畴表征分别为身份认同困境、自我呈现、自我认同、社会认同和文 化认同；自我认同、社会认同、文化认同是身份认同的三个子维度，旅居者的 自我呈现直接影响其身份认同；旅居者身份认同经历“建构-解构-重构”的过 程，并且会不断地重复这一循环动态过程；旅居地对旅居者身份认同的影响包 括目的地环境、目的地社会交往、社会文化情境和社会流动性四个方面；旅居 者实现身份认同后对旅居地的社会经济和人文景观两方面产生影响。 本研究重点探究了旅居者的自我呈现和身份认同，取得了一定的创新与贡 献，重新界定了“旅居者”在旅游领域应用中的概念，探索性的建构了身份认 同的五大范畴，在身份认同理论下得出了旅居者在旅游目的地的认同过程。并 且在研究结论的基础上，提出了文章在未来的研究中可以从旅居者群体的细化 分类、旅居者的社会行为特征和比较多个典型案例地等方面进行拓展。 关键词：旅居者；自我呈现；身份认同；鼓浪屿III Abstract There are non-institutionalized tourists such as couch-surfers, backpackers, working tourists and tourist immigrants in the modern society with great mobility. The phenomenon of working tourism and mobile sojourning have emerged in China, where economy and tourism develop rapidly. Gulangyu Island in Xiamen is a famous island scenic and cultural tourism area in China. The mobility of non-institutionalized tourists in Gulangyu Island is relatively strong, and the sojourner group accounts for a certain proportion of the non-institutionalized tourists. Identity is what the sojourner seeks in the context of modernization and mobility. Identity is also one of the hot spots in the field of tourism research. Therefore, this paper deals with four main issues: the problem of self-presentation of sojourners in daily life, the process of sojourner’s identity and construction, the relationship between sojourner’s self-presentation and identity, and the interaction between sojourners and tourist destination. The research was developed step by step based on the idea of "literature review, study designing scheme, qualitative analysis and strategy analysis". The author mainly conducted in-depth interviews with 34 sojourners in Gulangyu Island, and used Nvivo12.0、ROST Content Mining 6 or other data analysis tools for statistical analysis of word frequency, social network analysis, grounded theory analysis and so on. The following research conclusions are drawn: the five main categories of sojourner’s identity are identity dilemma, self-presentation, self-identity, social identity and cultural identity. Three sub-dimensions of identity are self-identity, social identity and cultural identity. And self-presentation of sojourners directly affects their identity. The identity of sojourner goes through the process of “construction, deconstruction and reconstruction”, and repeats the cycle of dynamic process. And the sojourner will repeat this dynamic cycle over and over again.The influence of tourist destination on the identity of sojourner has four aspects, including destination environment, social interaction, social and cultural context and social mobility. When the sojourner realizes the identity, it affects both the social economy and the cultural landscape of tourist destination.IV The paper focuses on exploring the self-presentation and identity of sojourners. This study has made some innovations and contributions. The paper redefines the concept of “sojourner” in the field of tourism. The paper constructs five categories of identity. The paper summarizes the identification process of sojourners in tourist destinations. On the basis of the research conclusion, the paper puts forward three research direction in the future, including the detailed classification of sojourner groups, the social behavior characteristics of sojourners and the comparison of several typical cases. Keywords: Sojourner; Self-presentation; Identity; Gulangyu IslandV 目 录 第 1章 绪论 .................................................................................................................1 1.1 选题背景与问题提出.........................................................................................1 1.1.1 选题背景 ......................................................................................................1 1.1.2 提出问题 ......................................................................................................3 1.2 研究目的与研究意义.........................................................................................4 1.2.1 研究目的 ......................................................................................................4 1.2.2 研究意义 ......................................................................................................4 1.3 研究方法与逻辑框架.........................................................................................5 1.3.1 研究方法 ......................................................................................................5 1.3.2 逻辑框架 ......................................................................................................7 第 2章 文献回顾与理论基础 .....................................................................................9 2.1 概念辨析.............................................................................................................9 2.1.1 旅居者 ..........................................................................................................9 2.1.2 自我呈现 ....................................................................................................12 2.1.3 身份认同 ....................................................................................................13 2.2 文献回顾...........................................................................................................14 2.2.1 国外旅居者的相关研究 ............................................................................14 2.2.2 国内旅居者研究状况 ................................................................................18 2.2.3 自我呈现相关研究与聚焦 ........................................................................19 2.2.4 身份认同的相关研究 ................................................................................20 2.2.5 研究评述 ....................................................................................................21 2.3 理论基础...........................................................................................................22 2.3.1 拟剧理论 ....................................................................................................22 2.3.2 身份认同理论 ............................................................................................24 第 3章 研究设计 .......................................................................................................27 3.1 案例地概况.......................................................................................................27 3.2 研究过程与数据样本分析...............................................................................28 3.2.1 实地调查过程 ............................................................................................28 VI 3.2.2 样本数据收集 ............................................................................................30 第 4章 鼓浪屿旅居者自我呈现现状 .......................................................................33 4.1 旅居者的生活适应问题分析...........................................................................33 4.1.1 鼓浪屿旅居者的行为特征 ........................................................................33 4.1.2 旅居者与孤岛现象的关联 ........................................................................36 4.2 旅居者的自我呈现..........................................................................................38 4.2.1 前台表演呈现自我 ....................................................................................39 4.2.2 后台空间呈现自我 ....................................................................................40 4.3 旅居者身份认同危机.......................................................................................41 第 5章 鼓浪屿旅居者身份认同与建构 ...................................................................43 5.1 旅居者身份认同影响因素...............................................................................43 5.1.1 资料分析与数据处理 ................................................................................43 5.1.2 高频关键词社会网络分析 ........................................................................45 5.1.3 旅居者身份认同影响因素 ........................................................................46 5.2 旅居者身份认同表征.......................................................................................48 5.2.1 分析步骤与数据处理 ................................................................................48 5.2.2 旅居者身份认同的主范畴表征 ................................................................66 5.3 旅居者的身份建构...........................................................................................70 5.3.1 旅居者的身份建构过程 ............................................................................70 5.3.2 旅居者身份认同的关系研究 ....................................................................71 第 6章 目的地的影响分析及发展建议 ...................................................................73 6.1 旅居者身份认同与旅居地的相互影响...........................................................73 6.1.1 旅居地对旅居者身份认同的影响 ............................................................73 6.1.2 旅居者身份认同对旅居地的影响 ............................................................74 6.2 目的地的旅游发展建议...................................................................................76 第 7章 结论 ...............................................................................................................79 7.1 研究结论...........................................................................................................79 7.2 研究创新...........................................................................................................81 7.3 局限与展望.......................................................................................................82 VII 7.3.1 研究局限 ....................................................................................................82 7.3.2 研究展望 ....................................................................................................82