动物园是进行科普宣传、动物保护和生态环境建设,提高精神文明,加速 资源增长,实现林业可持续发展战略的重要物质基础。树袋熊又叫考拉、无尾熊, 学名:cfwerews,英文:Koalabear,动物分类学上属哺乳类中的 有袋目考拉科,原产于澳大利亚。树袋熊体态憨厚、性情温顺,深受人们喜爱。 树袋熊对于生存环境和食物的要求较苛刻,主要食物必须是新鲜的桉树叶子。海 南鹦哥岭国家级自然保护区根据自身的自然条件、社会经济条件和市场需求,拟 从原产地澳大利亚引进树袋熊,建立树袋熊动物园。 树袋熊园的建立,可促进海南林业生态建设、海南国际旅游岛建设,是实施 可持发展战略的需要。同时树袋熊园的建立,提供了较多的就业岗位,促进当地 旅游业的发展,增加了当地群众的收入,带动群众脱贫致富。对食物和生存条件 要求相对严苛的物种进行异地保护研宄、实现保护区多功能化具有重大意义。 本文通过研究分析树袋熊原产地澳大利亚、国内成功引种地香港、台湾和广 州及拟引种地鹦哥岭保护区(位于白沙县境内)的气候条件因子,是否能成功引 种。其主要研宄方法如下: 1.鹦哥岭的气候条件基本适宜树袋熊的生长,不太适宜的可通过加强人工 防护加以解决。平均月最高温度白沙县为34°C左右(5月),澳大利亚为28°C 左右(1月),月最高温度最大值白沙县比悉尼高6°C左右,在白沙县引种树袋 熊受夏季高温的影响较小。树袋熊观赏区上空一般需要架设防天敌(老鹰 (wedge-tailedeagks及猫头鹰)的铁丝网,在温度偏高时段可在铁丝网上加设 遮阴网,防止阳光直射,可有效降低栖息区的温度;月平均最低温白沙县为13C 左右(1月),悉尼为8°C左右(7月),比白沙县低5°C左右,在白沙县引种树 袋熊不容易受到冬季低温的影响;年平均空气相对湿度白沙县80%左右, ’ 悉尼 65%左右,白沙县比悉尼平均高15%左右。空气相对湿度较大有利于树袋熊的生 长,但应适当降低树袋熊的饲养密度,并采取有效的疾病防治措施;白沙县的常 年降雨量为1850mm,悉尼为1223mm,白沙县比悉尼多627mm,引种树袋熊后, 宜在动物园内修建必要的避雨棚;近10年年平均台风次数白沙县为8-9次、悉 尼为18-20次,白沙县的台风次数少于悉尼,白沙县的南面和东南面有五指山阻 挡,台风的风势较弱,因此,在白沙引种树袋熊不容易受到台风的影响。 2.海南省白沙县的自然条件适合桉树生长,引种树袋熊不存在食物短缺问 题。存在的问题是在海南的气候条件下,桉树长得过于高大,不利于采集枝叶。 I可对桉树进行矮化处理,通过矮化砧嫁接、药物处理和人工截顶等方法达到矮化 目的,矮化后可以增加种植密度,提高单位面积枝叶产量。试验表明,2年生桉 树林,采取嫁接矮化处理的,年枝叶产量为对照的178.9%,3年生桉树林,采取 嫁接矮化处理的,年枝叶产量为对照的230.2%,同时,嫁接矮化处理可以提高 釆摘效率45.5%。 3.建立树袋熊动物园符合市场需求,树袋熊体态憨厚、性情温顺,其可爱的 表情深受人们的欢迎。在网络上搜索树袋熊,可以找到相关链接约293000个。 由此可见,树袋熊深受国人的喜爱。据测算,树袋熊动物园建成后,每年游客可 达到25-30万人/次,促进旅游业的发展。 4.分析表明,树袋熊动物园建成后将取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。预计 词料生产工程投资为439.37万元,参观、词养、繁育工程投资为622.67万元, 工程建设及其他费用96.87万元,基本设备费57.91万元,合计总投资1216.82 万元,建成后预估年主营收入821.40万元,不到两年即可收回投资成本。树袋 熊动物园建设期,可提供建筑类体力工作岗位15000个工日左右,建筑类技术工 作岗位1500个工日左右,农民工不出岛就能就业。树袋熊动物园建设完成后, 每年可提供林业体力类工作岗位4000个工日左右,林业技术类工作岗位800个 工日左右。 通过研宄分析,在海南鹦哥岭国家级自然保护区建设树袋熊园是可行的,可 促进海南国际旅游岛建设,带动当地旅游业的发展,经济效益可观,促进当地农 民增收。 关键词:海南省;鹦哥岭;树袋熊;园;可行性研究 IIABSTRACT Zoosareanimportantmaterialfoundationforpopularscienceeducation,animal protectionandecologicalenvironmentconstruction,enhancingspiritualcivilization, acceleratingthegrowthofresourcesandrealizingthestrategyofsustainable developmentofforestry.Phascolarctoscinerusarealsocalledkoalasorkoalabears, theplaceoforiginoftliisanimalisAustral.Thebodyshapeofkoalasmakethemlook simpleandhonest,theirmildtemperamentalsomakesitwell-received.Koalasare demandingforitslivingenvironmentandfood,theirmainfoodmustbefreshleaves ofeucalyptus.HainanYinggelingNationalNaturalReserveintendstointroduce koalasfromAustraliaandsetupakoalazooaccordingtoitsownnatural,socialand economicconditionsandmarketdemand. Koalasarequitedemandingfortheirlivingenvironmentandfood,theirmain foodmustbefreshleavesofeucalyptus.HainanYinggelingNationalNaturalReserve intendstointroducekoalasfromAustraliaandsetupkoalaparkaccordingtoitsown naturalconditions,socialandeconomicconditionsandmarketneed. Theestablishmentofkoalazooscanpromotetheecologicalconstructionof forestryinHainan,theconstructionofHainanInternationalTouristIsland.Tliisisthe needofimplementingsustainabledevelopmentstrategy.Meanwhile,the establishmentofkoalazoosprovidemanyemploymentopportunities,promotesthe developmentoflocaltourismandincreasestheincomeoflocalmasses,while alleviatingthepovertyofthemasses,bearingimportantsignificanceforstudyingthe long-distanceprotectionofdemandingspeciesandbuildingmulti-functionalreserve. Throughstudyingtheclimateconditionelementinthecountryoforiginof koalas,Australia,andHK,wherekoalashavebeensuccessfullyintroducedinChina, TaiwanandGuangzhouaswellasYinggelingReserveinBaishacounty,wherekoalas areintendedtobeintroduced,theauthorwilldiscusswhethertheintroductionwillbe successful.Themainresearchmethodologiesareasfollows: 1.TheclimateinYinggelingisbasicallyfitforthegrowthofkoalas.Ifnot, artificialprotectionshouldbestrengthened.Themonthlyhighonaveragecountyis around34°C(May)inBaishacountyandaround28°CinAustralia.Themonthly hihighinBaishacountyisaround6°ChigherthanAustralia.Inroducingkoalasto Baishacountywillbefreefromtheinfluenceofthehightemperatureinsummer. Generallyspeaking,ironwiresneedtobesetupabovetheviewingareaofkoalas, whilethetemperatureistoohigh,sunshadenetcanbeaddedontheironwiresto preventdirectsunlightandeffectivelyreducethetemperatureofthehabitat.The monthlylowonaverageisaround13°C(January)inBaishacounty5andaround8°C (July)inSydney,around50CthanBaishacounty,introducingkoalasinBaishacounty makesituneasytobeaffectedbythelowtemperatureinwinter;theannualrelative humidityofairisaround80%inBaishacounty,around15%higherthantherelative humidityofaround65%inSydneyonaverage.Highrelativehumidityoftheairis beneficialforthegrowthofkoalas,butthefeedingdensityofkoalasshouldbe reducedappropriately,whileeffectivepreventivemeasuresshouldbeadopted;the annualrainfallis1850mminBaishacounty,627mmmorethantheannualrainfallof 1233mminSydney.Afterintroducingkoalas,necessarylewsshouldbebuiltinthe zoos.Intherecenttenyears,TyphoonhitBaishacountryfor8to9timesonaverage, fewerthanthetimesithitSydney,18to20timesonaverage.Baishacountyfaces FiveFingerMountainsinthesouthandsoutheast,theforceoftyphoonhereisweak. Therefore,introducingkoalasinBaishawillreducetheinfluenceoftyphoon. 2.ThenaturalconditionsinHainanprovincearefitforthegrowthofeucalyptus, foodshortageneedn9tbeconsideredinintroducingkoalas.Theproblemisthatwith theclimateinHainan,eucalyptusgrowtootall,makingitdifficulttocollectbranches andleaves.Theeucalyptusshouldbedwarfedthroughtransplantinginterstocks, treatmentbydrugandartificialtopcutting.Afterwards,theplantingdensitycanbe increasedtoincreasetheproductivityofbranchesandleavesintheunitarea.The experimentshowsthatthebiennialeucalyptushas178.9%oftheannualproductivity ofbranchesandleavesinthecontrolgroupaftertransplantinganddwarfing.Triennial eucalyptushas230.2%oftheannualproductivityofbranchesandleavesofthe controlgroupaftertransplantinganddwarfing,meanwhile,transplantingand dwarfingcanincreasethepickingefficiencyby45.5% 3.Settingupkoalazoosconformstotheneedofthemarket.Thebodyshapeof koalasmakethemlooksimpleandhonest,theirmildtemperamentandcute IVexpressionsarewell-receivedbypeople.Search“koala”ontheInternet,andyoucan findaroirnd293000relevantlinks.Itprovesthepopularityofkoalas.Accordingto calculation,aftersettingupthekoalazoo,therewillbe250000to300000tourists annually,promotingthedevelopmentoftourism. 4.Analysisshowsthateconomicandsocialbenefitwillbeachievedafterthe completionofthekoalazoo.Itisexpectedthatfeedproductionprojectinvestment willbe4million393thousandand700yuan;visit,feedingandbreedingengineering projectinvestmentis6million226thousandand700yuan;otherconstructionis invested968thousandand700yuan;basicequipmentfundisof579thousandand 100yuan.Theoverallinvestmentis12.1682millionyuan.Aftercompletion,the predictedmainbusinessannualincomeis8million214th