I 摘要 近年来，我国航空运输业获得了巨大的发展，但是，航空运输企业的发展也 并非完全一帆风顺，一些航空企业甚至是出现了严重的财务危机。 为确保航空运 输企业的健康发展，必须对其财务管理状况进行系统的分析，从而及时发现其中 的财务管理问题并进行改进。本文以中国国航为案例，以哈佛分析框架为基础进 行 探讨，借助文献分析法、案例分析法、对比分析法等方法，结合财务诊断的相 关理论，运用财务诊断的相关方法，对中国国航的财务状况进行了分析与诊断， 并提出了具有针对 性的财务管理改进建议。 本文通过研究取得了如下几项成果：首先本文基于哈佛分析框架对中国国航 进行了财务诊断，并运用杜邦分析法和因素分析法对中国国航财务进行了综 合分 析；其次通过对中国国航财务状况的分析与诊断发现了中国国及存在的主要问题， 主要体现在会计信息质量不高，偿债能力下降，企业财务风险上升，企业发展不 具可持续 性，财务状况持续恶化等几个方面；最后本文从提升会计信息质量、提 高财务决策水平控制财务风险、积极推进创新与多元化发展持续改善企业的增长 能力、提前设计财务管理 风险化解预案等几个方面提出了中国国航财务管理的改 进建议。 本文的研究成果能够直接形成对案例企业财务管理水平优化的促进，而研究 过程中所形成的思路、方法与成果对 于其他类似企业进行财务诊断研究也提供了 有益的借鉴。 关键词：中国国航，哈佛分析框架，财务诊断 ABSTRACT II ABSTRACT In recent years, China's air transport industry has achieved great development, but the development of air transport enterprises is not entirely smooth sailing, some aviation enterprises even appeared serious financial crisis. In order to ensure the healthy development of air transport enterprises, it is necessary to systematically analyze the financial management status, so as to find out the financial management problems and improve them in time. This paper takes Air China as a case, based on the Harvard analysis framework, with the help of literature analysis, case analysis, comparative analysis and other methods, combined with the relevant theory of financial diagnosis, using the relevant methods of financial diagnosis, analyzes and diagnoses the financial situation of Air China, and puts forward targeted financial management improvement suggestions. This paper has achieved the following results: firstly, based on the Harvard analysis framework, this paper makes a financial diagnosis of Air China, and uses DuPont analysis and factor analysis to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Air China's financial situation; secondly, through the analysis and diagnosis of Air China's financial situation, it finds out the main problems in China, mainly reflected in the poor quality of accounting information Finally, this paper puts forward several suggestions from the aspects of improving the quality of accounting information, improving the level of financial decision-making, controlling financial risks, actively promoting innovation and diversified development, continuously improving the growth ability of enterprises, and designing financial management risk mitigation plans in advance Finally, it puts forward some suggestions for the improvement of Air China's financial management. The research results of this article can directly promote the optimization of the financial management level of the case enterprises, and the ideas, methods and results formed in the research process also provide useful reference for other similar enterprises to conduct financial diagnosis research. Key words: AVIC international, Harvard analytical framework, financial diagnosis 目录 III 目录 第一章 绪论 .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 研究背景与意义 ................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 研究背景 .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 研究意义 .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 国内外相关文献综述 ........................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 国外相关文献综述 .................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 国内相关文献综述 .................................................................................. 4 1.3 研究方法与内容 ................................................................................................ 5 1.3.1 研究方法 .................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 研究内容 .................................................................................................. 6 第二章 相关概念与理论基础 ........................................................................................ 7 2.1 财务诊断 ............................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 财务分析、财务诊断、财务管理三者之间的关 系 .............................. 7 2.1.2 财务诊断的内容 ...................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 财务 诊断的程序 ...................................................................................... 8 2.1.4 财务诊断工具 .......................................................................................... 8 2.3 理论基础 ............................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1 哈佛分析框架 .......................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 波特五力模型 ........................................................................................ 10 2.3.3 PEST分析 ................................................................................................ 11 2.3.4 SWOT分析 ............................................................................................. 12 第三章 中国国航财务状况分析与诊断 ...................................................................... 13 3.1 中国国航及其经营现状 .................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 中国国航概况 ........................................................................................ 13 3.1.2 中国国航主要经营业绩和财务数据 .................................................... 13 3.2 基于哈佛分析框架的中国国航的财务诊断 .................................................. 14 3.2.1 战略诊断 ................................................................................................ 14 3.2.2 会计分析 ................................................................................................ 25 3.2.3 财务分析 ................................................................................................ 30 3.2.4 前景分析 ................................................................................................ 38 目录 IV 3.3 中国国航财务综合分析 .................................................................................. 41 3.3.1 杜邦分析法 ............................................................................................ 41 3.3.2 因素分析法 ............................................................................................ 41 第四章 中国国航财务诊断结果 .................................................................................. 42 4.1 中国国航财务诊断中的有益经验 .................................................................. 42 4.2 中国国航财务诊断中发现的主要问题 .......................................................... 42 4.2.1 会计信息质量有待提升 ........................................................................ 42 4.2.2 偿债能力下降企业财务风险上升 ........................................................ 43 4.2.3 企业发展不具可持续性财务状况持续恶化 ........................................ 43 第五章 中 国国航财务管理改进建议 .......................................................................... 45