中石化天津分公司拟建设 100 万吨/年乙烯炼化一体化工程，根据项目总体 设计热电部原有燃煤锅炉必须实施烟气脱硫工程。本文是针对二期新建 2× 287MW 动力锅炉的脱硫部分采用脱硫技术进行研究和分析。 通过对国外和国内脱硫技术发展的研究，详细阐述了国内引进的几种脱硫技 术的应用情况，结合中石化天津分公司热电部脱硫、除尘项目的目的和要求，对 项目提出了最佳的脱硫技术方案——石灰石(石灰)－石膏湿法脱硫。 石灰石(石灰)-石膏湿法脱硫工艺是目前世界上应用最为广泛的烟气脱硫方 式。它采用石灰石或石灰作脱硫吸收剂，石灰经硝化处理后加水搅拌制成吸收剂 浆液。在吸收塔内，吸收剂浆液与烟气接触混合，烟气中的SO 2 与浆液中的碳酸 钙或氢氧化钙以及鼓入的氧化空气进行化学反应，最终反应产物为石膏。脱硫后 的烟气经除雾器除去带出的细小液滴，经加热器加热升温后排入烟囱。脱硫石膏 浆液经脱水装置脱水后回收。该工艺适用于任何含硫量的煤种的烟气脱硫，脱硫 效率可达到 95%以上。本文对该方法脱硫的物理过程和化学吸收过程进行了详细 研究，并对影响脱硫效率的各种因素如烟气SO 2 浓度、液气比、pH值、停留时间、 吸收反应特性等进行了分析，阐述了该方法的实际应用价值。 最后本文以热电部计划采用湿式石灰石－石膏法脱硫法进行烟气脱硫对系 统流程和工艺过程进行初步设计及计算，还对环境和经济性进行了评价。 关键词， 石灰石－石膏湿法 烟气脱硫 吸收 流程 工艺设计ABSTRACT SINOPEC Tianjin Branch to be built 1 million t/a ethylene and oil refining integration projects, according to item’s design the existing coal-fired boilers of thermal power plant designed to implement gas desulphurization project. The text is research for second phase of 2 x 287MW power boilers desulphurization of a desulphurization technology research and analysis. Sulfur dioxide by introducing human, social, environmental hazards and sulfur dioxide governance of the world, expounded on the need for coal-fired power plant desulphurization necessity. Through foreign and domestic desulphurization technology development study for the thermal power plant of TPCC project that it integration removal desulphurization made the best desulphurization technology programmers -- limestone (lime) - gypsum wet desulphurization. And the programmer of desulphurization principles, crafts design, equipment processes, environmental and economic evaluations is conducted detailed elaboration. Limestone (lime) - gypsum wet desulphurization processes which is the world's most widely used gas desulphurization. It lime or limestone used for desulphurization absorbent, the nitrification added lime powder into water absorbent. In absorption tower, absorbent sap mixed with the smoke exposure, the SO 2 gas and calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide drum into the air for chemical oxidation reactions, and ultimately response to the product gypsum. The gases after desulphurization take out of the small drip and removed by heating warming heaters after being chimneys. Gypsum is dehydrating devices dehydration before recovery. The processes apply to any of the sulfur content of coal gas desulphurization, could reach more than 95% desulphurization efficiency. All the methods of physics and chemistry desulphurization process of absorbing a detailed study, and the impact of various factors such as the desulphurization efficiency gas SO 2 concentrations, liquid gas than, the pH value, length of stay, such as the absorption characteristics analyses responses on the practical application of the methodology value. Final, the text is research that system desulphurization processes and processes to conduct a preliminary design and calculation, and also to evaluate the environmental and economic nature for the thermal power plant to use limestone- gypsum wet desulphurization law. Key words: limestone –gypsum wet method flue gas desulphurization absorption process technological design天津大学工程硕士学位报告 1 目 录 第一章 绪 论......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 二氧化硫来源与危害......................................................................................................................1 1.2 我国二氧化硫排放现状..................................................................................................................3 1.3 二氧化硫控制技术概述..................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 燃烧前脱硫技术 ......................................................................................................................4 1.3.2 燃烧中脱硫技术 ......................................................................................................................5 1.3.3 燃烧后脱硫（烟气脱硫）技术...............................................................................................6 第二章 中石化天津分公司热电部除尘脱硫改造工程说明..............................................................8 2.1 中石化天津分公司热电部生产现状..............................................................................................8 2.2 热电部燃料指标..............................................................................................................................8 2.2.1 煤质分析..................................................................................................................................8 2.2.2 煤灰分析................................................................................................................................10 2.3 热电部厂址概况............................................................................................................................10 2.3.1 地理位置................................................................................................................................10 2.3.2 交通运输................................................................................................................................10 2.3.3 地质构造、地震 ....................................................................................................................10 2.3.4 厂区气象资料........................................................................................................................11 2.3.5 热电部锅炉的灰渣处理 ........................................................................................................11 2.3.6 热电部用水水源及水质分析.................................................................................................11 2.3.7 大气污染排放状况 ................................................................................................................12 2.4 除尘、脱硫工程改造的原因........................................................................................................12 2.5 电厂除尘脱硫改造项目技术要求及原则....................................................................................13 第三章 国内外烟气脱硫技术综述及电厂脱硫技术的选择............................................................14 3.1 国外烟气脱硫技术发展与应用现状............................................................................................14 3.1.1 美国烟气脱硫技术发展与应用现状.....................................................................................14 3.1.2 德国烟气脱硫技术发展和应用现状.....................................................................................15 3.1.3 日本烟气脱硫技术发展和应用现状.....................................................................................16 3.2 我国烟气脱硫应用现状................................................................................................................16 3.3 常用烟气脱硫技术介绍................................................................................................................18 3.3.1 石灰石—石膏法烟气脱硫工艺.............................................................................................18 3.3.2 旋转喷雾干燥烟气脱硫工艺.................................................................................................19 3.3.3 磷铵肥法烟气脱硫工艺 ........................................................................................................19 3.3.4 炉内喷钙尾部增湿烟气脱硫工艺.........................................................................................19天津大学工程硕士学位报告 2 3.3.5 烟气循环流化床脱硫工艺 ....................................................................................................21 3.3.6 海水脱硫工艺........................................................................................................................21 3.3.7 电子束法脱硫工艺 ................................................................................................................22 3.3.8 氨水洗涤法脱硫工艺 ............................................................................................................23 3.4 热电厂脱硫技术的选择................................................................................................................23 3.4.1 脱硫工艺优选的原则 ............................................................................................................23 3.4.2 选择的结论............................................................................................................................24 第四章 石灰石(石灰)--石膏湿法脱硫烟气脱硫原理分析............................................................25 4.1 硫氧化物的生成机理....................................................................................................................25 4.1.1 煤中硫的赋存形态 ................................................................................................................25 4.1.2 煤燃烧过程中硫氧化物的生成机理.....................................................................................25 4.2 石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫的原理..............................................................................................27 4.2.1 物理吸收过程.........................................................................................................................27 4.2.2 石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫的化学机理...............................................................................28 4.3 影响石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫效率的主要因素......................................................................31 4.3.1 吸收塔入口烟气参数的影响.................................................................................................31 4.3.2 石灰石粉的品质、纯度和粒度的影响.................................................................................33 4.3.3 液气比（L/G）的影响 ..........................................................................................................33 4.3.4 气液分布................................................................................................................................35 4.3.5 停留时间................................................................................................................................35 4.3.6 运行弹性................................................................................................................................36 4.3.7 其它运行因素的影响 ............................................................................................................36 第五章 石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统过程计算及工艺流程......................................................39 5.1 石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统过程计算..................................................................................39 5.1.1 计算条件................................................................................................................................39 5.1.2 物料平衡计算........................................................................................................................41 5.1.3 热平衡模型............................................................................................................................43 5.1.4 计算结果................................................................................................................................44 5.2 石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺流程图......................................................................................45 5.3 石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺系统..........................................................................................46 5.3.1 吸收剂供应与制备系统 ........................................................................................................46 5.3.2 SO 2 吸收系统...........................................................................................................................46 5.3.3 烟气系统................................................................................................................................47 5.3.4 系统运行方式........................................................................................................................48 5.3.5 石膏处理系统........................................................................................................................48 5.3.6 工艺水系统............................................................................................................................50 5.3.7 压缩空气吹扫........................................................................................................................50 5.3.8 废水系统................................................................................................................................50 5.3.9 电气部分................................................................................................................................50天津大学工程硕士学位报告 3 5.3.10 仪表及控制水平 ..................................................................................................................52 5.3.11 土建部分..............................................................................................................................57 第六章 脱硫装置主要设备及设备布置............................................................................................58 6.1 石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫主要设备..................................................................................................58 6.2 设备布置........................................................................................................................................62 6.2.1 平面布置................................................................................................................................62 6.2.2 竖向布置................................................................................................................................63 6.2.3 浆液管道布置........................................................................................................................63 6.2.4 交通运输................................................................................................................................64 第七章 预期效果及经济性评价........................................................................................................65 7.1 环境评价........................................................................................................................................65 7.1.1 主要污染源和主要污染物排放.............................................................................................65 7.1.2 达到的环境质量标准和污染物排放标准.............................................................................65 7.2 经济评价........................................................................................................................................65 7.2.1 工程总投资............................................................................................................................65 7.2.2 工程效益评价........................................................................................................................67 第八章 结 论......................................................................................................................................68