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九寨沟核心遗产点震后应急监测及修复可行性研究报告

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九寨沟被列入“世界文化与自然遗产名录”,是九寨沟县支柱性产业和脱贫开发的 关键区域。2017 年 8 月 8 日发生的 Ms 7.0 地震对九寨沟钙华景观造成破坏。本研究对 景区进行应急监测和现场踏勘,对九寨沟钙华景观的演化特征做出预判,同时对典型 钙华样品收集分析,研究自然钙华性质及生长行为,将其应用于钙华景观的修复研究。 “8.8”地震导致九寨沟景区发生上百处滑坡,滑坡类型以小型滑坡为主,部分山 体上部和松散堆积体发生崩塌。火花海和诺日朗 2 处为此次地震重灾区。未采取干预 措施的条件下,诺日朗和火花海不仅难保景观原貌,而且威胁生态环境和景区安全。 震后 4 处核心景观水体环境监测结果显示,地表水水化学变化显著,主要表现为震后 Ca 2+ 和 HCO 3 - 浓度的升高,导致地表水中方解石饱和指数均大于 0,利于钙华沉积。 诺日朗和火花海处景观钙华为有机基质模板下的多孔堆积体,主要矿物相为方解 石。钙华宏观沉积过程为随季节周期生长,其中夏季和秋季为沉积期,春季和冬季为 风化期,微观沉积过程为纳米晶体团聚形成聚合物,吸附在有机或无机基质上形成介 观晶体,介观晶体在有机物的调控作用下定向生长,逐渐形成边界清晰的多面体或更 大尺寸的不规则多面体。 利用废弃钙华和钙基胶连剂混合制备钙华景观的修复材料,确定液相环境中 Ca 2+ -H 2 O-CO 3 2- 体系 5d 后达到平衡,由于钙基胶连剂的溶解,Ca 2+ 浓度较高形成过饱和 环境,并在材料表面长出晶须。对这些晶体进行傅里叶红外(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD) 测试分析确定为方解石,与钙华矿物相相同,证实修复材料在钙华景区的应用具有可 行性。 关键词,九寨沟;地震;水化学;钙华;景观修复 报告类型,理论研究 本研究得到国家自然基金面上项目(编号,41877288, 41572035, 41472309)和国家自然基金应急项 目(编号,41741026)资助. 西南科技大学硕士学位报告西南科技大学硕士报告 ABSTRACT Jiuzhaigou was listed as the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and key area for poverty alleviation development. Unfortunately, on August 8, 2017, a Ms 7.0 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou and caused damage to the local landscape, including Nuorilang dam collapse and Sparking Lake dam burst. Therefore, monitoring and field survey of damaged landscape were carried out in this study. The evolution of Jiuzhaigou travertine landscape was predicted. The typical travertine samples were collected and analyzed to study the natural growth behavior of travertine, and it could be applied in the restoration of travertine landscape. After earthquake hundreds of landslides, mainly small landslides, and collapse occurred in the upper part of the mountain and loose area. The Sparking Lake and Nuorilang were the most severe damaged areas, if there are none intervention, the dam will continues to collapse due to weathering and desertification, worsely, continuous collapses not only can not protect the original landscape, but also threaten the ecological environment and the safety of scenic spots. The environmental monitoring results in four core landscapes after earthquake showed the hydrochemical changes are significant, which were mainly reflected in the increase of Ca 2+ and HCO 3 - concentration. The fluvial saturation index of calcite after earthquake was greater than 0 due to the trend of ions changed, which was conducive to travertine deposition. The porous carbonate deposition at Nuorilang and Sparking Lake, was characterized with various structure and fossils. The travertine grew under macroscopic seasonal-control, summer and autumn was precipitated period, spring and winter were weathered time. The micro-deposition process consisted of 4 steps, firstly, polymers were formed by aggregation of nano-crystals, secondly, these polymers adsorbed on organic or inorganic substrates and became the mesocrystals, thirdly, mesocrystals grew under the control of organic matter, and these oriented mesocrystals gradually became polyhedron with clear boundary or larger size irregular one. The essential conditions for neoprepitation were hydrochemistry and biology. Under the action of two factors, the damaged part could be reinforced by neodeposition and recrystallization. In the study on the feasibility of using the mixture of waste travertine and calcium-based gellant to repair, Ca 2+ -H 2 O-CO 3 2- system which was result of materials dissolution reached equilibrium after 5 days, then, supersaturated setting of CaCO 3 was formed at the solid-liquid interface due to the dissolution of gellant, so crystallization grew on the surfaceABSTRACT of material was observed after 5 days. These crystals were tested to be calcite by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which was similar to that of travertine. It was proved that the repairing materials were applicable in the area. Key words: Jiuzhaigou; Earthquake; Hydrochemistry; Travertine; Landscape restoration TYPE OFTHESIS: Theoretical Research Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41877288, 41572035, 41472309); National Science Foundation for Emergency response of China (No.41102212)西南科技大学硕士报告 Ⅰ 目 录 1 绪论.....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 选题依据及研究意义...............................................................................................1 1.1.1 研究背景.........................................................................................................1 1.1.2 研究意义.........................................................................................................1 1.2 国内外文献综述.......................................................................................................2 1.2.1 钙华主题的知识结构和研究进展.................................................................2 1.2.2 碳酸钙主题的知识结构和研究进展.............................................................6 1.2.3 国内外研究总结...........................................................................................13 1.3 研究内容和技术路线.............................................................................................13 1.3.1 研究内容.......................................................................................................13 1.3.2 技术路线.......................................................................................................14 1.4 创新点.....................................................................................................................14 2 地震对钙华景区水化学影响...........................................................................................15 2.1 材料和方法.............................................................................................................15 2.1.1 研究区概况...................................................................................................15 2.1.2 样品采集和处理...........................................................................................16 2.2 数据分析.................................................................................................................16 2.3 结果和分析.............................................................................................................16 2.3.1 震后地表水 pH、T、DO 月度变化............................................................16 2.3.2 九寨沟震后地表水离子变化.......................................................................19 2.3.3 九寨沟地震前后水化学指标变化...............................................................22 2.4 本章小结.................................................................................................................24 3 地震对核心钙华景观影响...............................................................................................25 3.1 研究区概况.............................................................................................................25 3.2 结果和分析.............................................................................................................25 3.2.1 地震基本情况...............................................................................................25 3.2.2 地质灾害.......................................................................................................26 3.2.3 核心景观基本情况.......................................................................................27 3.2.4 震后水化学特征变化...................................................................................28 3.2.5 近缘地区景观演化特征...............................................................................29 3.2.6 核心钙华景观震后演化分析.......................................................................32 3.3 本章小结.................................................................................................................34 4 核心遗产点钙华性质分析...............................................................................................35 4.1 研究区概况.............................................................................................................35 4.2 样品收集和处理.....................................................................................................35西南科技大学硕士报告 II 4.2.1 钙华样品.......................................................................................................35 4.2.2 样品处理与分析...........................................................................................36 4.3 数据分析.................................................................................................................36 4.4 结果.........................................................................................................................37 4.4.1 九寨沟钙华特性...........................................................................................37 4.4.2 诺日朗典型钙华样品形貌...........................................................................43 4.4.3 火花海典型钙华样品形貌...........................................................................47 4.5 讨论.........................................................................................................................53 4.6 本章小结.................................................................................................................56 5 液相 Ca 2+ /HCO 3 - 调控促进钙华沉积研究......................................................................57 5.1 研究区概况.............................................................................................................57 5.2 材料和方法.............................................................................................................57 5.2.1 实验仪器.......................................................................................................58 5.2.2 实验方法.......................................................................................................58 5.2.3 测试方法.......................................................................................................58 5.3 结果.........................................................................................................................58 5.3.1 新生晶体的物相分析...................................................................................59 5.3.2 液相 pH 值和 Ec 值变化研究......................................................................60 5.3.3 液相 Ca 2+ 和 CO 3 2- 的变化研究.....................................................................65 5.3.4 晶体形貌.......................................................................................................67 5.4 本章小结.................................................................................................................68 6 结论及展望.......................................................................................................................70 6.1 结论.........................................................................................................................70 6.1 研究展望.................................................................................................................71 致谢.........................................................................................................................................72