1.Work Specialization(labor division) To what degree are tasks subdivided into separate jobs? Individuals specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activity prevalent by the late 1940s: 1.efficient usage of employee’s skill--less trained replace skilled. Efficient training.　　　　　 2. Employee’s skills at performing a tasks successfully increase through repetition--- by the 1960s:the human diseconomies from specialization--boredom,fatigue,stress,low productivity, poor quality,increased absenteeism,& high turnover. Enlarge the scope of activities--doing whole & complete job,team 2.Departmentalization The basis by which jobs are grouped together Group by function--Deepen specialized　knowledge, Achieve efficiencies though specialization; High-cost integration, Slowly responsive　  product Cluster --Multidivisional Sys. Organized around Geography(territory)--scrattered process departmentalization Customer departmentalization .....