公众参与环境保护的理念起源于欧美发达国家，经过将近半个世纪的凝练，早已渗透到了各 行各业，演变成为公众自身的个人意识和行为习惯，不少地方涌现出了相当数量的志愿者，自愿 协助政府处理各种环境问题，在普及环保知识，增强民众环保意识及参与、影响政府的环保决策 过程中，发挥着重大作用。 我国对公众参与环境保护研究起步较晚，正式研究开始于二十世纪八十年代末且多限于政府 及学术层面的理论研究，缺乏对公众个人的实践研究，同时，由于全国各地环境状况、经济水平 及公众的环保意识存在较大差异，各个地方推广、实施公众参与面临的困难不尽相同，特别是在 农村地区，各方面条件均显薄弱，推广、实施难度较大。因此，在推广、实施环境保护公众参与 机制之前，有必要收集当地的相关数据，开展可行性分析研究，以期为公众参与的推广、实施提 供帮助。 本文以云南省洱源地区水环境保护为例，采用综合判断预测法模型，通过分析环境意识和环 境行为等相关影响因素，检验当地水环境保护公众参与机制实施的可行性。该方法将赋值后的 1999 年和 2007 年两次国家级问卷测评结果作为最优化模拟，预调查 50 人的问卷结果作为最差模 拟，得到推定平均值，再依据三次问卷的权重，预测出我国农村地区公众环境意识和环境行为的 现今趋势。经过对照示范区 105 人问卷的调查结果，得出结论。最终分析认为， 1. 洱源地区农村公众参与水环境保护机制的理论条件尚未纯熟，环境意识和环境行为的测评结 果基本低于我国农村地区预测趋势状态，公众环境意识和行为受教育、经济、法律因素的制约严 重。尽管如此，部分分析结果仍值得关注，如对水源的重视，对水污染现象的认知程度，对家乡 水体未来的演变等方面测试结果均高于预测的国家均态。证明当地群众对家乡水环境较为重视， 当地政府及环保机构对部分水环境常识的普及与宣传较为到位。 2. 洱源地区农村公众参与水环境保护机制的实践基础有待完善，主要体现行政、法律、经济三 方面。建议当地加大普及环境科学以及法制教育力度，调动公众的积极性，将环保行为一点一滴 的渗透进公众的日常生活，引导当地群众参与到水环境保护中；完善立法、严肃执法；适时适地 开展生态补偿、经济激励等手段，通过上述行政、法律、经济三方面的措施，为在当地推广公众 参与水环境保护创造条件，最终建立适合我国国情的公众参与环境保护模式。 关键词，公众参与,环境意识,环境行为,洱源地区Abstract Public participation in environmental protection is originated in developed countries, like the Europe and the United States. The concept of environmental protection has already been infiltrated all walks of life after nearly half a century, and evolved into the public consciousness and their personal behavior. A number of volunteers assist the government's various environmental initiatives in many places, and play an important role, such as propagating environmental knowledge, enhancing public environmental awareness and participation and influencing the government's environmental decision-making process. The study of public participation in environmental protection in China started in the 1980s, and research work mostly focus on theories by the government and academic, lack of practice studies by individuals. And due to the significant difference among the environment status, the economic level and the public awareness in environmental protection all over the country, the difficulties facing are not the same in the popularization and implementation of public participation, especially in rural areas. In our country, all conditions are obviously weak. Therefore, in order to popularize public participation and provide practical helps, it is necessary to collect local data and conduct feasible analysis, ahead of the implementation of mechanisms for public participation in environmental protection. The pilot study is selected in the Eryuan of Yunnan Province. Due to the place near Erhai lake, the research aims at public participation in water environment protection. It is using PERTS model to test the feasibility of local water environment of public participation mechanisms by analyzing environmental awareness and environmental behavior. National Survey Results in 1999 and 2007 are selected as the optimistic simulation, pre-survey results as the worst simulation, and then calculated the mean. Base on the weight of the three times questionnaires, the current trends about public environmental awareness and behavior in rural areas of China are predicted. 105 questionnaires in the demonstration area show that， 1. The theoretical condition of the public participation mechanisms for water environment protection in Eryuan is not proficient. The result of survey is lower than the predicted in Environmental awareness and behavior. It is mostly due to the education、economic and legal factors. Nevertheless, some analysis results are positive and worthy of attention, such as taking seriously to water, believing the water future evolution in hometown …and so on results in Eryuan are higher than predicted. It shows that the public are care about the water resource in hometown, and the popularization of environmental science of the government in Eryuan is doing well. 2. The practice foundation of the public participation mechanisms for water environment protection in Eryuan is to be improved, mainly reflected three main reasons: the administrative, legal and economic. The local government should strengthen, mobilize public enthusiasm, put the public environment behaviors into daily life, lead the local people participating in environmental protection. And the same time, perfect legislation, enforce the law solemnly, carry out ecological compensation and economic incentives appropriately etc. According to these, it will promote public participation in local waterenvironment and eventually create conditions for establishing an appropriate public participation in environmental protection model. Key words: Public participation, Environmental consciousness, Environmental behavior, Eryuan目 录 第一章 绪论......................................................................................................................1 1.1 公众参与环境保护的概况 ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 公众参与环境保护的定义 ........................................................................... 1 1.1.2 公众参与环境保护的方式 ........................................................................... 1 1.1.3 公众参与环境保护的作用 ........................................................................... 2 1.1.4 公众参与环境保护的国内外研究现状 ....................................................... 2 1.2 公众参与环境保护的理论基础 ............................................................................. 5 1.2.1 公众参与环境保护的前提条件——环境意识 ........................................... 5 1.2.2 公众参与环境保护的必然结果——环境行为 ........................................... 7 1.3 公众参与环境保护的实践基础 ........................................................................... 11 1.3.1 行政手段是公众参与的导向和核心力量 ................................................. 11 1.3.2 法律手段是公众参与的依据与有力保障 ................................................. 12 1.3.3 经济手段是公众参与的有效动力 ............................................................. 13 1.4 本文研究背景 ....................................................................................................... 13 1.4.1 我国水质现状 ............................................................................................. 13 1.4.2 研究区水质现状 ......................................................................................... 14 1.5 本文研究目的 ....................................................................................................... 14 1.6 本文研究内容和意义 ........................................................................................... 15 第二章 材料与方法........................................................................................................16 2.1 研究区概况 ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2 数据来源 ............................................................................................................... 16 2.3 技术路线 ............................................................................................................... 17 2.4 研究方法 ............................................................................................................... 18 2.5 研究过程 ............................................................................................................... 19 第三章 结果与讨论........................................................................................................27 3.1 典型农村地区环境意识和行为趋势的最差模拟 ............................................... 27 3.2 典型农村地区环境意识和行为趋势的最优化模拟 ........................................... 323.3 典型农村地区环境意识和行为趋势的预测模拟结果 ....................................... 33 3.4 研究区的实际调查结果 ....................................................................................... 36 3.5 预测结果及分析 ................................................................................................... 37 3.6 讨论 ....................................................................................................................... 39 3.6.1 洱海流域公众参与环境保护理论条件的不足 ......................................... 39 3.6.2 洱海流域公众参与环境保护实践基础的缺失 ......................................... 41 3.6.3 洱海流域农村地区公众参与水环境保护的流程初建 ............................. 42 3.6.4 洱海流域农村地区公众参与环境保护的政策建议 ................................. 43 3.7 本文的创新点与不足 ........................................................................................... 44