油气井的水力压裂增产技术是改造油气层的有效方法,是油气井、水井 增产、增注的有效措施。压裂液在水力压裂作业中起着重要的作用,压裂液 的好坏是关系到压裂施工的成败和影响施工后增产效果的一个重要因素。压 裂液的种类多种多样,目前最常用的是水基压裂液。无聚合物压裂液是最近 几年才发展起来的一类新型水基压裂液,而其中又以一类叫做粘弹性表面活 性剂压裂液的新型清洁压裂液体系最受人们的关注。 粘弹性表面活性剂压裂液由特定的阳离子表面活性剂与盐水按一定比例 复配而成。粘弹性表面活性剂压裂液与常规聚合物压裂液相比,具有压裂后 残液返排率高、地层渗透率保留率高、无须破胶剂、操作简单、现场配制容 易、所需设备极少、成本低、环境污染小等突出优点,在国外己成功地进行 2400多井次的压裂作业,增产效果显著。 目前,国内外在清洁压裂液技术方面已取得了一些进展,但是在清洁压 裂液的配方开发上,尤其是用于清洁压裂液的主剂—粘弹性表面活性剂的 种类还比较单一,生产成本还相对较高,应用现场的选择面还比较窄,故而 限制了这种压裂液的大规模推广应用。 本文从油田应用出发,在实验室内合成了一系列的粘弹性表面活性剂, 然后在其中以及现有的原料中筛选出了两个粘弹性表面活性剂体系作为清 洁压裂液配方,并按照压裂液应具备的基本性能要求对这两个配方的流变 性、悬浮性、滤失性等方面进行了测试。结果表明,这两个配方已经具备压 裂液的基本性能,具有工业应用价值。 本文的研究工作主要分为两部分,第一部分是合成粘弹性表面活性剂及 筛选清洁压裂液配方,第二部分是清洁压裂液配方的性能测试。 本文首次将双子表面活性剂引入油田应用中,并采用了不同于常规评价悬浮性能的方法—借用液体密度计对压裂液配方的悬浮性进行定量测试。 关健词水力压裂;清洁压裂液;粘弹性:表面活性剂;油田应用;配方; 密度计;性能测试AbstraCt Hydraulicfracturingandenhaneingteehnologyof011andgaswellsare effeetivemeasuresofrenewingreservoirandeffeetivemethodsof011andgas wellsinereasingProduetivityandquantityofinfusing.Fracttiringfiuidsare imPortantinhydrauliefracturingoPerations,fraeturingfluids,quality15keyto whetherthefraeturingoPerationssuecessornorandaimPortantfaetorof affectingtheeffeetofinereasingProduetivityafterfraeturing.Therearemany kindsoffraeturingfluids,andwaterbasedfraeturingfluids15mostPoPular Polymer一freefraeturingfluids15anewtyPerecentlyandakindoffraeturing fluidsnamedviseoelastiesurfaetantfraeturingfluidsamongthose15notieed esPecially. 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InthisPaPer,forthefirsttime,introdueingGeminisurfaetanttoaPPlieation of011field.Adopttingmethoddifferentfromordinarymethodwhiehevaluates thefraet而ngfluids’eapacityofsusPendingProPPant—reeurtodensimetertoquantifieationallytesttheviseoelastiesurfaetantsfraeturingfluids’capaeityof SuSPCnslon Keywords:hydrauliefraeturing;elean一fraeturingfluids;viseoelastieity: surfaetant;aPPlicationof011field:direetionforProdueing;densimeter:caPaeity oftesting目录 中文摘要 英文摘要 1绪论 ................................................................................. 1 1.1水力压裂的基本概念........................................................1 1.2压裂的目的............................................................2 1.3压裂液发展概况....................................2 1 . 3.1压裂液的作用..................................3 1.3.2压裂液的性能要求.........................................................3 1 . 3 . 2 . 1滤失性..............................................................3 1.3.2.2悬浮性..................................................................3 1 . 3 . 2.3摩阻损失..........................................................4 1.3.2.4对地层渗透率的影响...................................................4 1 . 3 . 2.5稳定性........................................................5 1.4常用压裂液体系.............................................................5 1 . 4.1油基压裂液..............................................5 1.4.2水基压裂液..........................................6 1.5新型清洁压裂液..............................................................9 1 . 5 . l’清洁压裂液的基本原理.................................................10 1.5.1.1清洁压裂液的交联.....................................................10 1 . 5.1.2清洁压裂液的破胶.....................................................10 1 . 5.1.3清洁压裂液破胶迅速而彻底,快速实现支撑剂与压裂液相互脱…11 1 . 5 . 2清洁压裂液的流变性....................................................11 1.6本文的研究目的及内容...................................................12 1 . 7报告创新点..........................................12 2清洁压裂液用粘弹性表面活性剂的合成及配方筛选 .......... 14 2 . 1双子表面活性剂的结构和性质...........................................14 2 . 1 . 1双子表面活性剂的合成方法...........................................巧 2 . 1 . 2双子表面活性剂的室内合成...........................................18 2 . 2双子表面活性剂的表面活性.............................................18 2.3双子表而活性剂的应用...................................................212.4清洁压裂液用粘弹性表面活性剂体系的配方筛选..................22 2.4 . 1所用表面活性剂及助剂.................................................22 2.4.2筛选过程及结果..........................................,......,二22 3清洁压裂液用粘弹性表面活性剂体系流变性研究..............26 3.1粘弹性表面活性剂溶液微观结构.......................................26 3.2粘弹性表面活性剂溶液的流变行为及其影响因素..................27 3 . 2.1粘弹性表面活性剂溶液的流变性.....................................27 3 . 2 . 2浓度的影响................................................................29 3 . 2.3.温度的影响................................................................30 3 . 2.4无机盐的影响.............................................................31 3 . 2.5有机小分子的影响.......................................................34 3 . 2.6其他因素的影响..........................................................35 4清洁压裂液用粘弹性表面活性剂体系的悬砂性能..............39 ￡,户七11凡、,j,J月号6,J444444444.1定性研究................ 4.2定量研究............................ 4.2 . 1液体密度计原理................. 4.2.2密度计测定浮力的原理...,二 4.2.3实验................... 4.2.4结果与讨论....................... 4.2.4.1测定结果.................. 4 . 2 . 4 . 2悬浮能力与溶液微关结构的关系 4.2.4.3悬浮能力与溶液粘度的关系 5清洁压裂液用粘弹性表面活性溶液的滤失性 . ,...........47 月/,了OOR0八444445.1滤失性的影响因素............... 5 . 2粘弹性表面活性剂溶液滤失性测定 5.3滤失性测定及结果讨论......... 5.3.1实验......‘.’.““ 5 . 3 . 2结果与讨论...................... 6油田应用意义 .........................