在能源紧缺、环境承载能力有限的大背景下，减少建筑能耗，加大可再生能 源利用率，提高可再生能源在能源消费中的比例具有重要意义。本文以北京地区 为例探讨了住宅建筑采用被动式节能技术和太阳能光伏发电技术实现净零能耗的 可行性。 首先，本文选取北京某住宅建筑作为本研究的基本模型，通过 DeST 软件模拟 分析了围护结构各部件热工性能对建筑能耗的影响。采用正交试验法筛选出节能 效果较好的围护结构热工性能参数组合，计算综合节能方案下的建筑能耗。 其次，通过分析北京地区可再生能源情况，选择太阳能光伏发电系统作为住 宅建筑的产能来源；通过调研目前市场上常用的光伏电池，选择光电转化效率约 为 15%的晶硅组件；建立太阳能光伏发电模型，利用 MATLAB 软件计算太阳能光 伏系统在屋顶及南向立面的发电量。 最后，从能耗角度及经济性角度分析在被动式节能技术措施及太阳能光伏发 电技术措施下住宅建筑实现净零能耗的可行性。此外，对寒冷地区其他城市住宅 建筑实现净零能耗进行了简要评估。 本文研究得出，基于被动式节能措施配合光伏发电技术的情况下，净零能耗 住宅建筑理论上时可以实现的。从能耗角度上讲，若建筑仅有屋面铺设光伏板时， 实现住宅建筑净零能耗的最高层数为 3 层；若在屋面及南立面铺设光伏板，则满 足净零能耗建筑住宅层数最高为 10 层。 关键词，净零能耗、被动式节能、光伏发电、经济性哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位报告 II Abstract Under the background of energy shortage and limited environmental carrying capacity, it is of great significance to reduce building energy consumption, increase the utilization of renewable energy, and increase the proportion of renewable energy in energy consumption. This paper takes the Beijing area as an example to discuss the feasibility of using passive energy-saving technology and solar photovoltaic power generation technology to achieve net zero energy consumption in residential buildings. First of all, this article selects Beijing's conventional residential buildings as the basic model of this research. Through DeST software, the influence of the thermal performance of various components of the envelope on the building energy consumption is simulated. The orthogonal test method was used to screen out the thermal performance parameters of the envelope structure with good energy-saving effect, and the building energy consumption under the comprehensive energy-saving scheme was calculated. Secondly, by analyzing the renewable energy situation in Beijing, the solar photovoltaic power generation system was selected as the source of production capacity for residential buildings; by investigating commonly used photovoltaic cells in the current market, crystalline silicon components with photoelectric conversion efficiency of approximately 15% were selected; and solar photovoltaic power generation was established. The model uses MATLAB software to calculate the amount of electricity generated by the solar photovoltaic system on the roof and south facade. Finally, from the perspective of energy consumption and economy, the feasibility of achieving zero net energy consumption in residential buildings under passive energy-saving technology measures and solar photovoltaic power generation technology measures is analyzed. In addition, a brief assessment was made of the net zero energy consumption of residential buildings in other cities in cold regions. This paper concludes that, based on passive energy-saving measures in conjunction with photovoltaic technology, net zero-energy residential buildings can theoretically be realized. From the perspective of energy consumption, if the building only has哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位报告 III photovoltaic panels installed on the roof, the maximum number of layers for realizing zero net energy consumption of residential buildings is 3 layers; if solar panels are laid on the roof and south facade, the net zero energy consumption building is satisfied. The maximum number of residential floors is 10 floors. Keywords: net zero energy consumption, passive energy-saving technology, photovoltaic generation, economic efficiency哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位报告 IV 目 录 摘要.......................................................................................................................I Abstract ...................................................................................................................II 目 录....................................................................................................................IV 第一章 绪论............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 课题来源及研究背景和意义 .................................................................... 1 1.1.1 课题来源 ......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 课题的研究背景和意义 ................................................................. 1 1.2 国内外研究现状 ........................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 净零能耗建筑定义研究 ................................................................ 2 1.2.2 净零能耗建筑优化设计研究 ......................................................... 4 1.2.3 净零能耗建筑实际案例研究 ......................................................... 5 1.2.4 净零能耗建筑经济性分析 ............................................................. 8 1.3 国内外现状总结 ........................................................................................ 8 1.4 本课题主要研究内容 ................................................................................ 9 第二章 围护结构对建筑能耗影响的模拟研究.................................................. 10 2.1 基准模型建立及边界条件的的设定 ...................................................... 10 2.1.1 建筑几何模型的建立 ................................................................... 10 2.1.2 室外气象计算参数 ....................................................................... 10 2.1.3 室内环境参数的设定 ....................................................................11 2.1.4 围护结构热工参数的选取 ........................................................... 13 2.1.5 空调系统的选择 ........................................................................... 13 2.1.6 采暖、空调系统运行时间设定 ................................................... 14 2.2 围护结构对建筑能耗影响研究 .............................................................. 14 2.2.1 外墙对建筑能耗的影响 ............................................................... 14 2.2.2 屋面对建筑能耗的影响分析 ....................................................... 15 2.2.3 窗墙比对建筑能耗的影响分析 ................................................... 16 2.2.4 遮阳对建筑能耗的影响 ............................................................... 18 外窗对建筑的能耗影响分析....................................................... 18 2.3 本章小结 .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.5哈尔滨工业大学工程硕士学位报告 V 第三章 住宅建筑围护结构综合节能方案设计.................................................. 21 3.1 正交试验方案设计 .................................................................................. 21 3.1.1 因素与水平的挑选 ....................................................................... 21 3.1.2 正交试验结果计算与分析 ........................................................... 22 3.2 低能耗住宅围护结构优化设计下能耗计算 .......................................... 24 3.3 本章小结 .................................................................................................. 25 第四章 可再生能源适宜性分析.......................................................................... 26 4.1 北京地区可再生能源适用技术选择 ...................................................... 26 4.1.1 北京地区可再生能源分布情况 ................................................... 26 4.1.2 可再生能源在建筑中应用技术遴选 ........................................... 27 4.2 光伏发电系统理论模型 .......................................................................... 29 4.3 太阳能光伏组件安装位置的确定 .......................................................... 31 4.4 屋面光伏系统发电量研究 ...................................................................... 32 4.4.1 太阳能光伏系统的安装优化 ....................................................... 32 4.4.2 屋面光伏发电量计算 ................................................................... 37 4.5 立面光伏系统发电量研究 ...................................................................... 39 4.6 本章小结 .................................................................................................. 43 第五章 净零能耗住宅建筑可行性评价分析...................................................... 44 5.1 基于能耗角度的可行性评价分析 .......................................................... 44 5.2 基于经济性角度的可行性评价分析 ...................................................... 45 5.2.1 增量成本计算 ............................................................................... 45 5.2.2 节能技术经济效益分析 ............................................................... 46 5.2.3 经济效益评价指标的计算 ........................................................... 49 5.3 环境效益测算 .......................................................................................... 51 5.4 对其他城市的简要评估 .......................................................................... 52 5.4.1 寒冷地区其他城市住宅建筑实现净零能耗评估 ....................... 52 5.4.2 其他气候区（上海、广州） ....................................................... 53 5.5 本章小结 .................................................................................................. 55 结 论.................................................................................................................... 57