玉米是目前我国种植面积最大、总产量最高的作物。全程机械化是现代玉米 生产的发展方向。玉米收获是玉米种植中最繁重的工作环节，也是目前玉米生产 全过程机械化的“瓶颈”。玉米机械收获率偏低，且机械收获机具多是收穗，籽粒 直收的比例更低。目前我国在机械籽粒直收领域研究相对较少，本研究通过在黄 淮海四个地区（河南临颍县、河南新乡、山东茌平县和河北磁县），选用不同基 因型的玉米品种，采用科学的试验设计，运用恰当的试验方法，重点分析了不同 地区玉米籽粒机械收获质量的不同指标。同时，通过试验点气象因素以及不同基 因型品种分析，确定了影响籽粒直收的相关因素。试验的主要结果如下， 1. 不同地区的玉米籽粒破碎率都随着籽粒含水量的升高而升高，二者呈极 显著的正相关。破碎率是收获质量评价的最重要的指标。籽粒杂质率在不同的地 区，都随着籽粒含水量的升高而升高，但呈现出不同的变化幅度。河南临颍县试 验点，杂质率的变化幅度远低于其他三个地区。籽粒的损失率在四个试验点，都 相对较低。虽然在各个试验点范围内都随着籽粒含水量的升高有升高的趋势，但 相对籽粒破碎率、杂质率均不明显，特别是山东茌平县，籽粒损失率与籽粒含水 量没有达到显著相关。在试验范围内，籽粒损失率在四个地区绝大多数样本点都 能达到国家标准，进一步证实，损失率不是影响籽粒收获质量评价的关键性因素。 2.本试验结果表明，在三个地区机械收获籽粒时产量损失率远低 GB/T 21962-2008 的国家标准；在新乡的试验证实在不发生自然灾害的情况下，选择适 宜的品种和合理安排播期，当籽粒含水量低于 28.27%时，杂质率也可达到国家 标准要求的 3%；在籽粒含水量低于 26.96%时，破碎率可满足三等玉米的质量要 求。 3.试验所用品种在当地生育期积温达到 2932℃时，籽粒含水量可以下降到 26.96%以下，满足机械籽粒直收的对籽粒收获质量要求。新乡地区 1994-2013 的 20 年间 6 月到 9 月的平均有效积温为 3099℃，即使考虑播种延迟的时间，也完 全能够满足籽粒含水量降低的要求，若适当的推迟玉米收获时间，不仅符合倡导 的“玉米适时晚收”增产技术要求，还可以在不影响下茬小麦的播种的条件下，提 高机械籽粒直收的收获质量。 4.在新乡地区重点分析了先玉 335、郑单 958、良玉 66、中种 8 号、迪卡 517、 DL11016 个品种。不同玉米品种的籽粒含水量下降过程存在明显的差异。本试验 条件下，先玉 335、迪卡 517、DL1101、中种 8 号均可以在相对较低的积温条件 下进行籽粒的快速脱水，达到满足籽粒直收收获籽粒的要求，而郑单 958 以及良 玉 66 的籽粒脱水速率相对较慢，需要较高的积温条件，在新乡地区很难实现机 械籽粒直收的要求。 关键词，玉米; 机械收粒; 收获质量；品种，籽粒含水量Studies on the Feasibility of Maize Mechanically Harvesting Grain in Huanghuaihai Regions Master Candidate: Lei Xiao-peng Major: Crop Production and Farming System Supercisor:Professor Zhang Feng-lu Abstract Maize is currently China’s very important crop with the largest planting areas and the highest total yield. The whole course mechanization is the developing direction of modern maize production. Maize harvest is the most heavy part of maize production, and it currently is the bottleneck of the whole process of maize production mechanization. At now maize mechanical harvesting rate is low, and the harvesting equipment is mainly for ear harvest, and the proportion for mechanical harvesting of maize grain is lower in current maize harvest. At present, there are few studies on the field of mechanical grain direct harvesting in China. The different quality indicators of maize grain harvesting machinery at different sites was studied in four sites of Huanghuaihai regions（including Linying county, Xinxiang city, Henan province, Chiping county, Shandong province, and Cixian county, Hebei province）, using different genotypes of maize varieties, by scientific experimental design, using the appropriate test methods. At the same time, the related factors influencing the grain harvest were studied by analysis of meteorological factors and different varieties at different sites. The results were showed as follows: 1. With the improvement of grain moisture content the grain broken rate increased, and the difference reached significant level. So, grain broken rate is an very important index for the evaluation of grain harvest quality. Grain impurity rate increased with the water content of grain, but showing a range of different at different sites. At the site of Linying county, Henan province, the variation of impurity rate is far lower than the other three sites. The loss rate of grain was relatively low in four experimental sites. Although within the scope of all test sites the loss rates were increased with the water content of grain, the relative grain broken rate and impurity rate were not obvious, especially in Chiping county of Shandong province, the grain loss rate and grain moisture content did not reach the significant correlation. In the experimental range, the grain loss rate in the four sites of the vast majority of sample points can reach the national standard, and further confirmed, loss rate was the key factor affecting the grain harvest quality evaluation. 2.The experiment results showed that, the yield loss rate of mechanical grain2 harvesting in the four sites was far lower than the national standard of GB/T 21962-2008 ; when the grain moisture content below 28.27%, impurity rate could reach the requirements of the national standard of 3% In Xinxiang under the conditions no natural disasters, using suitable varieties and reasonable arrangement of sowing date; When it was lower than 26.96%, broken rate could meet the requirements of the third degree of maize quality. 3.When AT of test varieties in the whole growing period reached 2932 degreeday(dd), grain moisture content could be reduced to below 26.96%, meet the quality requirement for mechanical grain harvest. The average AT was 3099 dd in Xinxiang city during 20 years (1994-2013) from June to September, even taking the delay in sowing time into account, its still fully met the requirement of low grain moisture content. Appropriate postpone the maize harvest time was not only meet the technique demand of high yielding maize, but also increase the quality for mechanical grain harvest, under the conditions that the next season winter wheat sowing was not affected. 4.There were about 6 maize varieties of Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958, Liangyu 66, Zhongzhong 8, Dika 517 and DL11016 were selected In Xinxiang experimental site, and the difference of the quality of mechanical grain harvest was studied. There were obvious differences in descending process of maize grain moisture among different varieties. Under the experimental conditions, Xianyu 335, Dika 517, DL1101, and Zhongzhong 8 all had the ability of rapid dehydration to meet grain direct harvesting under relatively low temperature conditions, while for Zhengdan 958 and Liangyu 66 with relatively slowly dehydration, they need higher AT, and It is very difficult to meet the requirement of the mechanical grain harvest in Xinxiang city. Key words: Maize; mechanical grain harvest; harvest quality; varieties; grain water content目录 1 绪论 ..............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 进行机械籽粒收获研究的背景、目的.............................................................................1 1.1.1 我国玉米生产现状...............................................................................................1 1.1.2 玉米收获机械化的现状 .....................................................................................2 1.1.3 我国玉米收获机械化存在的问题.......................................................................4 1.1.4 玉米机械化收获的前景与展望...........................................................................5 1.2 玉米籽粒直收相关研究和现状.........................................................................................6 1.2.１玉米籽粒直收的意义...........................................................................................6 1.2.2 玉米籽粒直收存在的问题....................................................................................7 1.3 籽粒含水量与玉米籽粒直收的关系.................................................................................7 1.3.1 籽粒含水量与籽粒灌浆........................................................................................7 1.3.2 品种遗传因素对籽粒含水量的影响....................................................................8 1.3.3 气候因素对籽粒含水量的影响............................................................................8 1.3.4 植株农艺性状对籽粒含水量的影响....................................................................8 1.4 本研究意义.........................................................................................................................9 2 材料与方法.................................................................................................................................10 2.1 试验材料与试验设计.......................................................................................................10 2.2 测定项目..........................................................................................................................10 2.2.1 生育期调查及测产..............................................................................................10 2.2.2 籽粒含水量测定方法..........................................................................................10 2.2.3 收获质量评价方法.............................................................................................. 11 2.3 气象数据获取与积温计算..............................................................................................12 2.4 数据处理与分析...............................................................................................................12 3 结果与分析.................................................................................................................................13 3.1 不同地区玉米机械收获籽粒的收获质量及影响因素...........................................................13 3.1.1 河南新乡收获质量的不同指标评价.................................................................13 3.1.2 山东茌平县收获质量的不同指标评价..............................................................15 3.1.3 河北磁县收获质量的不同指标评价..................................................................17 3.1.4 籽粒含水量与收获质量小结..............................................................................20 3.2 河南新乡试验点气候因素分析..............................................................................................21 3.2.1 新乡试验站相关气候条件调查..........................................................................21 3.2.2 积温对玉米籽粒含水量影响..............................................................................22 3.3 不同玉米品种机械收获籽粒的收获质量评价......................................................................23 3.3.1 先玉 335 籽粒含水量与积温关系......................................................................23 3.3.2 郑单 958 的籽粒含水量与积温关系..................................................................24 3.3.3 良玉 66 的含水量与积温关系............................................................................25 3.3.4 中种 8 号的含水量与积温关系..........................................................................26 3.3.5 迪卡 517 的含水量与积温关系..........................................................................26 3.3.6 DL1101 的籽粒含水量与积温关系....................................................................27 4 讨论 ............................................................................................................................................29 4.1 黄淮海地区玉米机械籽粒直收的收获质量标准..........................................................292 4.2 新乡地区玉米籽粒含水量下降的生态条件..................................................................29 4.3 玉米适宜的品种选择.....................................................................................................29 4.4 本报告存在的不足和后续研究展望.............................................................................30