本文选取苦参碱与印楝素两种单剂复配，进行增效试验，求得最佳配比比 例，验证前人所做的 1%苦参碱印楝素复配比例是否适合于储粮害虫防治。 进一步以苦参碱印楝素为试验材料，采用拌粮法研究其对储粮害虫玉米象和 赤拟谷盗的防治效果，并确定 1%苦参碱印楝素的最低使用浓度，再用试验， 比较苦参碱印楝素复配剂与苦参碱和印楝素两种单剂的储粮害虫防治效果； 利用之前试验得到的最低使用浓度采用全仓拌粮法，分别测得苦参碱印楝素 复配剂与苦参碱和印楝素各自对储粮害虫的减损百分率，并测得各自的持效 期。 采用药膜法测定苦参碱和印楝素单剂对玉米象的毒力作用，72h 时印楝素 对玉米象 LC 50 为 0.112mg/cm 2 ，苦参碱对玉米象 LC 50 为 0.167mg/cm 2 。96h 时， 印楝素 LC 50 为 0.074mg/cm 2 ，苦参碱 LC 50 为 0.141mg/cm 2 。 在苦参碱与印楝素复配触杀试验中，72h 苦参碱与印楝素复配的不同比例 CTC 均大于 80，96h9 种复配 CTC 均大于 120，其中当印楝素与苦参碱复配剂 作用于玉米象的比例为 3，2 时，72h 和 96h 的 CTC 分别为 125.28 和 154.85， 均大于其它配比比例的 CTC，表现出很强的增效作用，故印楝素与苦参碱最 佳配比比例为 3，2。最佳配比复配剂（印楝素，苦参碱=3，2）作用于三种储 粮害虫时，可以发现复配剂对这三种储粮害虫毒力强弱依次为锯谷盗〉玉米象〉 赤拟谷盗。 苦参碱印楝素防效试验中，在 1.0mg/kg 浓度处理 15d 后，对赤拟谷盗 的校正死亡率均达到 100%，对玉米象的校正死亡率达到 94%左右，因此初步 确定苦参碱印楝素的最低使用浓度为 1.0mg/kg。 在苦参碱和印楝素单剂与苦参碱印楝素复配剂比较试验中，1.0ppm 苦 参碱印楝素复配剂防治效果要优于苦参碱和印楝素单剂。 在苦参碱印楝素持效期试验中，处理粮食 6 个月后，三个仓的虫害损失 率由小到大顺序，苦参碱印楝素<苦参碱<印楝素<空白对照。减损率由大到 小的顺序为，苦参碱印楝素>苦参碱>印楝素。苦参碱印楝素的持效期效果III 要优于苦参碱与印楝素两种单剂。 关键词，苦参碱，印楝素，复配，储粮害虫，防治效果IV ABSTRACT In this study，two single agents，matrine and azadirachtin were compounded for synergism test，and the optimal ratio was obtained for verifying whether 1% matrine-azadirachtin that was formerly studied was suitable for the control of stored grain pests or not．The control efficiency of matrine-azadirachtin on stored grain pests，such as Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum，was investigated by mixing with grain ． The minimum effective concentration of 1% matrine-azadirachtin was determined． The control efficiencies of matrine-azadirachtin mixture and two single agents，matrine and azadirachtin，were also compared．The reducing loss effect of matrine-azadirachtin mixture ， matrine and azadirachtin with the minimum effective concentration were determined by mixing these agents with all the grain in the warehouse，and the duration for each agent was measured． The toxicity of matrine and azadirachtin alone on Sitophilus zeamais was evaluated with residual film method. The results showed that the LC 50 of azadirachtin and matrine to Sitophilus zeamais were respectively 0.112mg/cm 2 and 0.167mg/cm 2 in 72 hours, and respectively 0.074mg/cm 2 and 0.141mg/cm 2 in 96 hours. In the contact insecticide test with compounded matrine and azadirachtin, CTC of different ratios of matrine and azadirachtin mixture were all greater than 80 in 72 hours. CTC of 9 compounds were all greater than 120 in 96 hours. When the ratio of matrine and azadirachtin mixture was 3:2, CTC to Sitophilus zeamais in 72 hours and 96 hours were respectively 125.28 and 154.85, which were greater than any other ratios. This result showed a strong synergism and the ratio 3:2 was determined to be the optimal ratio. When the compound with the optimal ratio (matrine: azadirachtin=3:2) was used to control 3 species of stored grain pests, the best control efficiency was demonstrated on Oryzaephilus surinamensis and this was followed by Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum.V In the test with matrine-azadirachtin, after 15 days of treatment with 1.0mg/kg matrine-azadirachtin, the adjusted mortality rate of Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais reached to 100% and 94%, respectively. Therefore, the minimum effective concentration of matrine-azadirachtin was determined to be 1.0mg/kg. The control efficiency of 1.0ppm matrine-azadirachtin mixture was better than that of matrine and azadirachtin alone. In the test of matrine-azadirachtin duration, after 6-month treatment, the smallest losses caused by pests were, in order, matrine-azadirachtin, matrine, azadirachtin and the blank control.The reducing loss effect of matrine-azadirachtin was the best,and this was followed by matrine and azadirachtin.The duration of matrine-azadirachtin was longer than that of matrine and azadirachtin. Keywords: matrine, azadirachtin, compound, stored grain pest, control efficiencyVI 目录 第一章 绪论........................................................................................... 1 1.1 我国储粮害虫防治现状..............................................................................1 1.1.1 储粮害虫防治现状............................................................................1 1.1.2 储藏物害虫简介................................................................................1 1.2 生物源农药应用于储粮害虫防治概述....................................................2 1.2.1 植物源农药.........................................................................................2 1.2.2 动物源农药.........................................................................................3 1.2.3 微生物源农药....................................................................................5 1.3 苦参碱与印楝素研究概况......................................................................... 6 1.3.1 苦参碱研究概况................................................................................6 1.3.2 印楝素研究概况................................................................................7 1.3.3 苦参碱与印楝素复配剂研究进展................................................. 7 1.4 农药复配研究概述.......................................................................................8 1.5 本文研究内容及研究目的......................................................................... 9 1.5.1 研究内容.............................................................................................9 1.5.2 研究目的.............................................................................................9 第二章 苦参碱与印楝素两种单剂对玉米象的毒力测定.............10 2.1 试验材料与方法.........................................................................................10 2.1.1 试验药剂及实验仪器....................................................................... 10 2.1.2 供试害虫.............................................................................................11 2.2 研究方法......................................................................................................11 2.3 结果与分析................................................................................................. 12 2.3.1 印楝素对玉米象的毒力测定结果..................................................12 2.3.2 苦参碱对玉米象的毒力测定结果..................................................13 2.4 小结...............................................................................................................15 第三章 苦参碱与印楝素复配触杀毒力测定...................................16 3.1 试验材料与方法.........................................................................................16 3.1.1 试验药剂及仪器............................................................................16 3.1.2 供试害虫.........................................................................................17 3.2 研究方法....................................................................................................17 3.3 试验结果与分析.........................................................................................18VII 3.3.1 印楝素和苦参碱不同配比 72h 对玉米象的毒力及共毒系数....18 3.3.2 印楝素和苦参碱不同配比 96h 对玉米象的毒力及共毒系数....19 3.3.3 印楝素和苦参碱最佳配比复配剂对三种储粮害虫的毒力测定20 3.4 小结............................................................................................................. 21 第四章 苦参碱印楝素的防效试验...................................................23 4.1 材料与方法..............................................................................................23 4.1.1 供试药剂及试验仪器..................................................................23 4.1.2 供试害虫...........................................................................................24 4.2.研究方法......................................................................................................24 4.3 实验结果与分析........................................................................................24 4.3.1 1%苦参碱印楝素 3d 对两种储粮害虫的防治效果................24 4.3.2 1%苦参碱印楝素 7d 对两种储粮害虫的防治效果................26 4.3.3 1%苦参碱印楝素 15d 对两种储粮害虫的防治效果..............27 4.3.4 1%苦参碱印楝素与苦参碱和印楝素比较防效试验..............28 4.4 小结...............................................................................................................31 4.4.1 1%苦参碱印楝素最低使用浓度确定........................................31 4.4.2 1%苦参碱印楝素防治效果分析.................................................31 第五章 1%苦参碱印楝素减损率及持效期试验.............................32 5.1 试验材料与方法..................................................................................... 32 5.1.1 试验药剂及仪器..............................................................................32 5.1.2 供试害虫...........................................................................................33 5.1.3 供试试验仓..................................................................................... 33 5.2 研究方法......................................................................................................33 5.2.1 虫情调查............................................................................................33 5.2.2 中试仓试验方法...............................................................................33 5.2.3 持效期测定方法..............................................................................34 5.3 结果与分析................................................................................................. 35 5.3.1 仓内害虫发生情况............................................................................35 5.3.2 苦参碱印楝素与苦参碱和印楝素减损效果............................. 35 5.3.3 持效期测定结果...............................................................................37 5.4 小结.................................................................................................................38 5.4.1 仓内害虫发生情况分析....................................................................38 5.4.2 减损效果分析..................................................................................... 38 5.4.3 持效期试验结果分析......................................................................... 38VIII 第六章 结论.........................................................................................39 6.1 主要结论......................................................................................................39 6.2 本文创新之处.............................................................................................40 6.3 展望...............................................................................................................40