随着高等教育成本分担理论在全球的盛行，各个国家普遍开始接受高等教育收费制 度，高校收费制度改革势在必行。在高等教育成本分担理论的指导下，我国的高等教育 从 1997 年开始收费改革，在这一过程当中，贫困大学生的问题越来越突出，因此，我 国于 1999 年开始实施国家助学贷款政策。 助学贷款是保证教育公平的一项重要手段，是解决贫困学生上大学费用的一项重要 措施，是一项利国利民的好政策。但是，由于我国初次实施这样一项政策，需要经历一 个较长的探索阶段，自然对政策付诸实践过程当中存在的问题估计不够，因此，助学贷 款无论是从放贷主体还是还贷环节都存在一些与我国目前的现实状况不相符的地方，从 而导致国家助学贷款一直发展缓慢。一方面，学生贷款违约率很高，贷款风险比较大； 另一方面，贷款需求与贷款规模之间矛盾突出。在这期间，众多学者从不同的角度研究 了国家助学贷款政策存在的不完善的地方，以期通过政策调整促进国家助学贷款尽快完 善，解决这些突出的矛盾和问题，使这项好政策能够朝着健康的方向发展。虽然研究人 员做出了巨大的努力，国家助学贷款也取得了一定的发展，但是就目前的实施现状来看， 助学贷款的发放规模与需求规模之间仍然存在着很大的差距，贷款违约率依然较高，助 学贷款发展缓慢，并没有达到基本解决贫困生上大学的要求。 本文主要探讨在当前我国个人信用体系不健全、学生毕业后流动性大、追讨困难的 情况下，怎样解决贷款违约率偏高的问题。本文试图通过建立社保卡的方式解决大学生 毕业后流动性大、追踪困难的问题，当学生贷款违约时可以有一种强制手段促使学生归 还助学贷款。在本文的研究过程当中，作者使用了博弈论的相关观点，分析了当前银行 与学生之间，银行不愿提供贷款，学生获得贷款后不能够积极偿还这样一种现象，然后 以建立社保卡强制归还程序追讨贷款本金、利息甚至逾期罚款的方式提高学生的违约成 本，从而改变学生与银行之间的博弈均衡，促使国家助学贷款朝着健康的方向发展。最 后研究结果证明这种方式是可行的。 关 键 词，国家助学贷款；违约风险；社保卡；可行性研究 研究类型，应用研究Subject : The Feasibility Research of Social Security Card Reducing the Risk of Student Loan Specialty : Enterprise Management Name : Zhang xia (Signature) Instructor : Li Penglin (Signature) ABSTRACT With the increasingly accepting to the cost-sharing theory of higher education in the world, every nation begins to accept the system of higher-education-charge, the reform of the higher-education-charge system is imperative under this situation. Under the direction of the cost-sharing theory of higher education, China began to reform the system of higher-education-charge from 1997. The problems of poor students stood out in the process of reform. So student loan program comes into effect from 1999 in China. Student loan is an important mean to assure education fairness, an important measure to resolve education cost for poor students, and it’s also a good policy for people and the whole country. But we will go through a long time to grope because we carry out this program in the first time, it is certain that we cannot estimate all the problems in the process of loan program. So many places in the program do not accord with the reality of our country whether the mean body of providing loan or returning process. All of these lead the student loan to develop slowly. On the one hand the risk of default is high; on the other hand the contradiction between student loan demand and scale is prominent. In this period many scholars study the faultiness of student loan program from different side, they wish to advance this program by policy adjustment to resolve the outstanding contradiction and problems, and at last to lead this program to a right direction. Student loan makes some progress under these scholars’ efforts, but the gap between the scale and the demand of student loan, the rate of default, the slow development of loan program, are still represented today, student loan does not satisfy the demand of poor students for higher education. This thesis mainly discuss how to avoid the high default of student loan under which individual credit system is undound, students often move from one place to another after graduation, banks hardly reclaim loan. This thesis tries to resolve this problem by Societysecurity card, which means once students break the faith the banks have an imperative mean to force them to return student loan. During the research, the author analyze this phenomenon by Game theory, which the banks are not willing to offer student loan and many students who get student loan is negative to return, then the author sets up a returning process of Society security card to reclaim compulsively principal, interest and penalty. The author wishes to change the current result of Game between the bank and students by enhancing the default cost of student with this process, and to lead student loan program to a good future. At last this research proves this process is feasible. Keyword : Student loan Default risk Social security card Feasibility research Thesis : Application researchI 目 录 1 绪论............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 选题背景 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 本报告的研究目的 .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 国内外研究现状.................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 国内研究现状............................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 国外研究现状............................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 本报告的研究方案及框架 .................................................................................................................. 9 1.4.1 研究方案....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 主要研究框架............................................................................................................................... 9 2 国家助学贷款的发展历程及存在问题 ................................................................................................... 11 3 国家助学贷款存在问题的成因分析 ....................................................................................................... 16 3.1 机制问题 ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1.1 放贷主体错位............................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.2 还款负担率较高......................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.3 回收机制不健全......................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 信用体系建设的长期性 .................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 大学生就业状况不好引起流动性较大 ............................................................................................ 18 4 国外助学贷款回收政策概述及对我国的启示 ....................................................................................... 19 4.1 美国的联邦担保学生贷款 ................................................................................................................ 19 4.2 加拿大的助学计划体系 .................................................................................................................... 20 4.3 加纳养老保险学生贷款 .................................................................................................................... 21 4.4 澳大利亚通过税务局实行按收入比例还款的学生贷款................................................................. 22 5 社保卡降低助学贷款风险的可行性及理论综述 ................................................................................... 24 5.1 我国现行的社会保障体系及发展前景为实施社保卡管理提供了可能......................................... 24 5.1.1 当前社会保障概况及发展前景 ................................................................................................. 24 5.1.2 当前社会保障资金形成、运用和管理 ..................................................................................... 25 5.1.3 采用社保卡控制助学贷款风险具有现实可行性 ..................................................................... 26 5.2 实行社保卡控制助学贷款风险的理论综述 .................................................................................... 28 5.2.1 建立社保卡管理助学贷款风险的管理平台、管理制度和体制条件 ..................................... 28 5.2.2 实行社保卡控制助学贷款风险的管理办法 ............................................................................. 29II 5.3 实行社保卡管理可能存在的问题和困难 ........................................................................................ 31 5.3.1 实行社保卡管理在实施中可能存在的问题 ............................................................................. 31 5.3.2 社保卡控制助学贷款风险实施的难点 ..................................................................................... 31 6 社保卡降低助学贷款风险的博弈分析 ................................................................................................... 33 6.1 目前我国助学贷款的博弈要素、博弈过程和结果......................................................................... 33 6.1.1 助学贷款的参与者 ..................................................................................................................... 33 6.1.2 助学贷款制度中所形成的博弈要素 ......................................................................................... 33 6.1.3 目前我国助学贷款中银行与贷款学生的博弈过程及结果 ..................................................... 35 6.2 采用社保卡强制归还程序所产生的支付变化、博弈过程及结果................................................. 36 6.2.1 采用社保卡管理助学贷款逾期的理论依据 ............................................................................. 36 6.2.2 采用社保卡管理助学贷款逾期的博弈分析 ............................................................................. 37 6.3 需要说明的问题 ................................................................................................................................ 38 7 结论........................................................................................................................................................... 40 致谢...........................................................................................................................................................42