市场竞争和技术的高速发展使得产品创新的重要性和必要性越来越显著。产 品方案设计阶段是产品创新的重要环节，设计者对方案的创新质量具有决定性影 响。然而，目前国内外对创新绩效的研究主要针对组织层面，对于个体少有涉及， 对于个体工作绩效的研究方法难以适用于产品方案设计中的个体创新绩效。本文 在系统研究国内外组织创新绩效、个体工作绩效、创造力以及设计认知过程的最 新理论成果的基础上，针对产品方案设计个体创新绩效影响因素进行了深入研究。 全文的研究内容主要包括以下几个部分， 首先，对个体创新绩效进行了深入探讨，明确了面向产品设计的个体创新绩 效的内涵，以设计方案的创新质量和设计时间两个维度进行衡量。结合产品设计 的工程特点和心理学对个体创造力的研究成果，以工业工程 4M1E 思想为基础， 建立了一套面向产品设计的个体创新绩效影响因素体系。在因素体系的个体属性 中，强调的个体问题发现能力和信息能力，淡化了智力和认知风格，更好地体现 了产品设计的工程特色，并提高了因素测量和评价的可操作性。 其次，对目前产品方案设计的评价方法进行了归纳和总结。针对其不足之处， 以产品整个寿命周期的分析为基础，对设计方案改善的产品参数进行了定义。将 方案的创新性划分为 H 类和 P 类，并给出了其判断标准。从而提出了一种具有普 遍适用性、完备性和可操作性的创新质量指标体系和评价方法。 影响创新绩效的个体内在属性因素大多为定性数据，如何对其进行测量是一 大难题。针对这一问题，本文提出了一个 IIPPD 影响因素的测度模型，如根据设 计者考虑问题的数量、问题的偏僻性、目标一致性等指标衡量问题发现能力，用 H 类创新质量和总创新质量的相关性衡量信息能力等，有效地解决了指标的测量问 题。 由于参试者的认知过程难以观察，且问题解决过程常常发生在实验环境以外。 针对实验数据的收集问题，提出一种阶段活动测量法(Stage activities measurement, SAM)，将实验任务分为 5 个阶段，问题分析、策略构思、寻找解决途径、方案制 定和自评。参试者在每一阶段回顾其阶段设计时间并记录所参考的知识点。从而 有效地收集了实验数据并降低了参试者的遗忘周期。为体现创新方法/工具的影响， 开发了产品创新知识库。在实验采用拉丁方设计，利用任务的熟悉度为组间变量， 模糊度为因素水平。 最后，对所提出的影响因素模型进行了实验研究。研究发现，任务的熟悉度 和模糊度对个体创新绩效无显著影响，个体的信息能力和问题发现能力十分重要，II 而且具备高信息能力的设计者往往也同时具备较高的问题解决能力。而人格因素 在实验中未表现出显著性影响。基于假设验证的结果，对个体创新绩效的影响因 素模型进行了修正。 关键词，方案设计，个体设计者，影响因素，创新绩效，实验研究III ABSTRACT Product innovation becomes more and more vital and imperative for modern enterprise resulted from the intensive market competition, as well as technology development. Conceptual design is the important phase of product innovation, and the designer is a decisive factor to the innovative quality of design scheme. However, the present researches on innovation performance predominately focus on organization, rarely on individual. And the research methods applied to individual work performance are not competent for individual innovation performance. Based on the systematical analysis of the research fruit of organizational innovation performance, individual work performance, creativity and design cognitive process, this paper deeply study the influencing factors of individual innovation performance of product design (IIPPD). This paper includes the following contents: Firstly, the clear definition and connotation of IIPPD has been clarified based on the discussion on performance, and the measurement dimensions of innovation quality and design time of scheme are prescribed to scale IIPPD. In the light of the viewpoint of 4M1E from industrial engineering, establish an index system of influencing factor orienting IIPPD, by integrating the engineering characteristics of product design of the research fruit of creativity in psychology. In the index system, the information abilities as well as the abilities that individual find problems, are highlighted, instead of individual intelligence and thinking style. This system takes more engineering characteristics in consider, and make factors measurement and evaluation more feasible. Secondly, widely researched and concluded the evaluation methods applied to product scheme design. Aimed at the deficiencies of these methods, plot out and defined the product parameters to be improve in scheme, in the view of product life span instead of use stage. The innovativeness of scheme has been divided into H class and P class, of which judgment criteria were provided as well. Thus, an innovation quality of scheme oriented evaluation method with general applicability, completeness and feasibility has been present. It is considerably difficult to measure the internal factor of individual influencing IIPPD because of qualitative data. To solve this problem, a measure model of influencing factors of IIPPD has been built up. In this model, problem-finding abilities are scaled by the amount of the problem that designer take into account, theIV indiscoverability of problem, goal deviation. And information abilities are scaled by the innovation quality H class. The cognitive process of participants is not able to be observed, and problem- solve process usually take place out of experimental condition. Aimed at the problem of experimental data collection, the method of stage activities measurement (SAM) was provided. Following this method, experimental task is divided into five stages, namely problem analysis, strategy conception, solve approach seeking, scheme making and self evaluation. Participants were asked to write down their spent time in each stage and the knowledge points referred. In this way, experimental data is collected effectively and the forgotten cycle is reduced to a great extent. To reflect the influence resulted from innovation method or tool, a product innovation knowledge base was developed. Latin square was used to design experiment, familiarity of task was taken as variables between blocks, task indefiniteness was taken as factor level. In the end, experimental study was conduct to test influencing factor model of IIPPD. The experiment results indicated, familiarity and indefiniteness of task had not significant influence on IIPPD, information abilities and problem-finding abilities were very important, and designers with high information abilities had also high problem-solving abilities, the factor of personality had not significant influence. Based on the test results, the model of influencing factor of IIPPD was revised. Keywords， Conceptual design, Individual designer, Influencing factors, Innovation performance, Experimental Study.V 目 录 中文摘要..........................................................................................................................................I 英文摘要.......................................................................................................................................III 1 绪论..............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 课题提出的背景和意义 ...........................................................................................................1 1.2 国内外相关领域的研究现状 ...................................................................................................3 1.2.1 创新绩效及知识工作效率的研究现状 ............................................................................ 3 1.2.2 创造力的研究历程 ............................................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 方案设计中认知行为的研究 ............................................................................................ 7 1.2.4 国内外相关研究总结 ........................................................................................................ 8 1.3 报告的课题来源和研究内容 ...................................................................................................9 1.3.1 课题来源 ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.3.2 本文研究的目的 ................................................................................................................ 9 1.3.3 本文研究的主要内容 ........................................................................................................ 9 1.3.4 技术路线 .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 报告的创新点 ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 本章小结 ................................................................................................................................. 11 2 面向产品设计的个体创新绩效的内涵及影响因素.......................................13 2.1 面向产品设计的个体创新绩效的内涵 .................................................................................13 2.1.1 知识经济环境下产品设计工作的特点 .......................................................................... 13 2.1.2 面向产品设计的个体创新绩效定义 .............................................................................. 13 2.1.3 个体创新绩效影响因素体系的提出 .............................................................................. 15 2.1.4 方案设计阶段与产品创新 .............................................................................................. 17 2.2 影响产品创新的内在因素 .....................................................................................................18 2.2.1 产品设计中的问题解决过程 .......................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 专业技能 .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 创新思维 .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.4 创造性人格 ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.3 产品设计中的创新方法 .........................................................................................................25 2.3.1 传统创新方法 .................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2 Triz 创新方法.................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.3 一般设计方法 .................................................................................................................. 29VI 2.4 知识和信息的影响................................................................................................................. 31 2.5 本章小结................................................................................................................................. 33 3 面向产品方案设计的创新质量评价 ...................................................................... 35 3.1 评价方法概述......................................................................................................................... 35 3.1.1 标准建立阶段.................................................................................................................. 36 3.1.2 决策分析阶段.................................................................................................................. 37 3.2 面向个体创新绩效的设计方案评价指标............................................................................. 37 3.2.1 产品设计中问题的来源 .................................................................................................. 38 3.2.2 方案创新质量指标的确定 .............................................................................................. 39 3.2.3 评价方法.......................................................................................................................... 42 3.3 本章小结................................................................................................................................. 44 4 研究假设与实验设计 ...................................................................................................... 45 4.1 IIPPD 影响因素的测度模型 .................................................................................................. 45 4.2 研究假设................................................................................................................................. 47 4.2.1 创造性人格测试结果与个体创新绩效的相关性 .......................................................... 47 4.2.2 任务熟悉度和模糊度的影响 .......................................................................................... 48 4.2.3 考虑问题、参考知识的广度与创新绩效的关系 .......................................................... 48 4.2.4 H 类创新绩效和总创新绩效的相关性 ........................................................................... 49 4.3 实验设计和实验条件............................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1 实验变量的测试和控制 .................................................................................................. 50 4.3.2 实验任务及分组.............................................................................................................. 51 4.3.3 实验参试者...................................................................................................................... 54 4.3.4 产品创新知识库.............................................................................................................. 54 4.4 本章小结................................................................................................................................. 57 5 实验结果分析 ...................................................................................................................... 59 5.1 实验流程及要求..................................................................................................................... 59 5.2 方案的创新质量评价............................................................................................................. 59 5.2.1 任务 1 方案的创新质量评价 .......................................................................................... 59 5.2.2 任务 2 方案的创新质量评价 .......................................................................................... 61 5.2.3 任务 3 方案的创新质量评价 .......................................................................................... 62 5.2.4 任务 4 方案的创新质量评价 .......................................................................................... 63 5.3 假设检验................................................................................................................................. 64 5.3.1 对 H1 的检验 ................................................................................................................... 64 5.3.2 对 H2 和 H3 的检验 ........................................................................................................ 66VII 5.3.3 对 H4 和 H5 的检验 ........................................................................................................ 68 5.3.4 对 H6-H11 的检验 ........................................................................................................... 71 5.4 产品创新知识库的影响 .........................................................................................................73 5.5 讨论 .........................................................................................................................................76 5.6 本章小结 .................................................................................................................................77 6 结论和展望............................................................................................................................79 6.1 报告总结 .................................................................................................................................79 6.2 研究展望 .................................................................................................................................79 致谢.......................................................................................................................................81