抗逆力是社会成员在适应社会的过程当中,对现实问题应对自如的潜力,成长 中的挫折时必须经历的,如果青少年在此过程中处理不好相关的困难和挫折,就会 引起一系列的青少年成长问题,如心理问题、社交问题等等。加强和巩固青少年的 抗逆力,对推动他们顺利社会化意义重大。该策划将抗逆力和优势视角联系起来去 探讨青少年的抗逆力问题,从而更为全面地了解青少年的抗逆力的现状以及抗逆力 的内外部保护性因素,打破以往的仅关注问题本身的视角,进而转变为注重事物本 身的优势。同时,社会工作方式的参与,推动了抗逆力的教育进程。我们通过了解 青少年在面对困难和挫折时的身心特点,认识到青少年的行为常常会被自己的情绪 所左右,甚至走向极端。因此增强社区青少年的抗逆力水平显得尤为必要和紧迫, 通过对抗逆力的内外部保护性因素进行分别陈述和探讨,能够使我们采取有针对性 的具体的小组活动来提升青少年的抗逆力,从而更加科学合理的帮助社区青少年积 极面对挫折和困境,使青少年能够顺利实现社会化。 该策划书将优势视角与抗逆力相结合,通过对武汉Y社区青少年的日常观察和 访谈,社工发现该社区的青少年存在考试成绩不理想,体会不到自身价值,因此有 获得效能感的需要;部分青少年敏感多疑,不愿与人交往,因此有获得归属感的需 要;如若以上两种需要得不到满足,青少年极易产生自卑感、软弱感,丧失生活信 心,因此有获得乐观感的需要。社工进而意识到武汉Y社区实施相关小组活动的必 要性,借助对该社区的青少年抗逆力现状及其需求的分析,引入个案,社工发现青 少年有时会对所提供的服务产生排斥,或者接受之后也因自身年龄、性格特质等因 素而不配合社工的工作,增进抗逆力的工作是一个循序渐进的过程,需要案主、社 会工作者和外部环境的相互配合、共同努力。 本项目小组策划希望通过人际互动,来实现策划目标,所以主要的形式是一个 团队的活动,经过教育和训练,让青少年在组员相互支持的作用下,尝试激发潜能, 自我突破,逐渐形成真正的人际归属感。将青少年抗逆力的增强放入到社区社会工 作之中,经过选择积极的方式参与青少年抗逆力的建构,来增强青少年内心的正面 感受。 优势视角概念框架和实施原则是本项目小组策划的实施理念,相应地采取内部 和外部相结合的项目实施方法,结合小组工作方法来增强社区青少年抗逆力,具体 I 硕士学位报告 MASTER'S THESIS 围绕抗逆三元素展开,包括了四次活动,分别为:相互认识,建立归属感;相互合 作,提升效能感;亲子互动,增强乐观感;分享感受,延续抗逆力。针对在活动开 始、活动过程中及活动结束三个阶段易出现的问题及需注意的方面做进一步阐述。 项目执行过程中可能遇到的问题及对策具体分为组织层面和观念层面,在人力 资源缺乏这一方面,社工发现在Y社区附近有所大学,可从这里招募一部分志愿者; 通过己实施的个案,社会工作者发现自身不仅要确切认知、熟悉抗逆力的理念和小 组活动项目流程的安排,还需要在活动过程中不断进行自我反思,积极地将经验转 化为个人特质,提升自身的抗逆力,从而才能使自己成为青少年及相关活动参加者 的榜样,起到带动作用,有效地协助青少年健康成长。这也是在项目评估阶段工作 人员需要培养的抗逆力建设技巧。 关键词:青少年;抗逆力;优势视角;小组工作 II 硕士学位报告 MASTER'S THESIS Abstract The resilience is member of society in the process to adapt to the society, the realistic problems deal with potential,growth in the setbacks must experience,if not related to the difficulties and setbacks with teenager in this process,it will cause a series of adolescent problems,such as psychological problems,social problems and so on. To strengthen and consolidate the adolescent resilience,to promote their successful social significance. The planning will be linked to the resilience and resilience perspective to explore problems of young people,and more comprehensive understanding of the status of adolescent resilience and resilience of internal and external protective factors, breaking the previous only concern itself perspective, and further to focus on the thing itself advantage. At the same time,the social work participation, promote the resilience of educational process. We through the physical and psychological characteristics of young people understand in the face of difficulties and setbacks,to recognize the behavior of teenagers often swayed by your emotions,even to the extreme. To strengthen the community youth resilience level is very necessary and urgent,respectively States and discusses the internal and external protective factors through resilience, enables us to take a targeted specific group activities to promote adolescent resilience, which is more scientific and reasonable to help the community youth actively face setbacks and difficulties, make teenagers to realize the socialization. The plan will be the strengths perspective and resilience are combined, the Wuhan Y community youth daily observation and interview, the social worker found the community youth have exam achievement is not ideal, not realize own value, therefore have a need for efficacy; some young people sensitive suspicious,do not wish to communicate with people, so have a need for home feeling; if more than two needs are not met,young people easy to produce feelings of inferiority, weakness, loss of confidence in life, so it is need to acquire a sense of optimism. The social worker and the awareness of the necessity to implement related group activities in Wuhan Y community, by means of analysis on adolescent resilience,present situation and needs of the community into the case, social workers found that teenagers can sometimes produce III 领士学i立a又 MASTHR'S riiKSIS rejection of the services, or accepted because of their age,personality and other factors but not with social work, enhance the resilience of the work is a gradual process,need to clients, social workers and the external environment of mutual cooperation, joint efforts. The project team planning through interpersonal interaction, to achieve planned objectives, so the main form is a team activity, through education and training, to allow young people to support each other in the members of the role, try to inspire potential, self breakthrough, and gradually formed a real sense of interpersonal attribution. Will enhance their resilience into community social work, through the construction of choose positive in adolescent resilience, to enhance young inner positive feelings. From the perspective of the conceptual framework and implementation advantage principle is the implementation of the concept of project planning,implementation methods accordingly take the combination of external and internal project team, combined with the working methods to enhance community youth resilience, specifically around the resistance three elements9including four activities, respectively is: mutual understanding, create a sense of belonging to each other; cooperation, enhance self-efficacy; parent-child interaction, enhance the sense of optimism; share feelings, continued resilience. In the activities, activities and activity end prone to three stages and the need to pay attention to the further elaboration. Problems and countermeasures that may be encountered in the process of project implementation is divided into organizational level and concept level,the lack of human resources on the one hand, social workers were found in the Y community near the University, can recruit some of the volunteers from here; the case has been implemented, the social work researchers found themselves not only to the exact cognition, familiar with the concept of resilience and group activities project process arrangement, it requires constant self reflection in the course of the activity, active will experience into personal qualities, enhance their resilience, which can make oneself become young and related activities of the participants example, play a leading role,effectively help the healthy growth of teenagers. This is also the evaluation stage staff need to cultivate resilience building skills in project. Keywords: adolescent; resilience; strengths perspective; team work IV 碩士学位报告 MASTER'S THESIS 目录 摘m ABSTRACT 一、m ^ (一)项目背景 (二)项目意义及目标 (三)文献综述 1.国外研宄现状 2.国内研究现状 (四)设计思路与方法 1.设计思路 2.设计内容 9 3.设计方法 9 4?可行性分析 10 二、理论基础和个案情况 11 (一)理论基础 11 1 ?优势视角 11 2?抗逆力 13 (二)个案情况 16 1.抗逆力现状 16 2?需求分析 17 3.个案■ 17 三、项目小组计划 20 (一)项目筹备阶段 20 1.项目实施方法:小组工作方法 20 2.成员招募:青少年群体 21 (二)项目活动设计 24 1.活动一:相互认识,建立归属感 24 2.活动二:相互合作,提升效能感 25 3.活动三:亲子互动,增强乐观感 27 4.活动四:分享感受,延续抗逆力 29 硕士学位报告 MASTER'S THESIS (三)活动过程中需注意的方面 31 1.活动开始:应对矛盾情绪 31 2.活动期间:应对冲突 32 3.活动结束:应对离别情绪 36 四、项目执行过程中可能存在的问题及对策 37 (一)组织层面 37 1.缺乏人力资源 37 2.缺乏机构支持 37 3?服务对象招募不足 38 4.机构组织管理不完善 38 (二)观念层面 38 1.社工对抗逆力工作实施理解的浅显 38 2.青少年思维能力限制 39 五、项目管理及经费预算 40 (一)项目管理 40 1.人力资源管理:包括服务者和被服务者 40 2.财务管理:主要包括机构的经费财产、道具、礼品等 40 3.活动秩序管理:活动前、活动过程中、活动结束 40 (二)经费预算 40 六、项目评估 42 (一)评估方法 42 1.观察法 42 2?问卷调查法 42 3.访谈 42 4.社工反思 43 (二)评估范围 43 1.工作人员 43 2.服务对象 44 -t;; 46