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世界银行_电动汽车与发展(英文)2018.12_71页

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文本描述
Te fnancial and technical support by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)
isgratefully acknowledged. ESMAP—a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered
by the World Bank—assists low‐ and middle‐income countries to increase their know‐how and institutional
capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth.
ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France,
Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, the Rockefeller Founda-
tion, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the World Bank.
The Team
This work was led by Dominic Patella (Sr. Transport Specialist, World Bank), Artur Perchel
(Manager Central Eastern Europe & Israel, International Association of Public Transport),
and Ivan Jaques (Sr.Energy Specialist, World Bank).
The research and writing team included: Jamie Lee-Brown, Meredith Baker, Oliver Joy, Ciara Amato,
Roland Steinmetz, Roos Van der Ploeg, Evy Breen, Zita Koks, Bernard Aritua, Yi Yang, Huijing Deng,
Edward Andrew Beukes, Li Qu, Alejandro Hoyos Guerrero, Philip Turner, Haifeng Fang
and Almir Damasceno.
The team is grateful for the comments provided by Nupur Gupta, Demetrios Papathanasiou,
Kwawu Mensan Gaba, Umberto Guida, Arno Kerkhof, Dionisio Gonzalez, Vivien Foster and Bianca
Bianchi Alves.
December 2018
Foreword
Tis paper is a collaboration between the World Bank and the International Association of Public Trans-
port (UITP) to assemble evidence, viewpoints, and analysis on eMobility programs. Te objective is
to contribute towards helping governments design and implement electric mobility programs that are
efective at achieving their intended development aims across climate, economic, fscal, technical, insti-
tutional, and policy dimensions. Tere is a clear global interest in electric mobility and demand for shar-
ing experiences between countries of all income levels. We hope that our paper will contribute towards
meeting that demand and facilitate collaboration between governments, development institutions, and
other stakeholders under the “Katowice Partnership on E-mobility” that has been established under Po-
land’s leadership of the 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
Te research approach used to develop the content in this paper included the following activities:
Country cases: the Research Team undertook studies of individual country experiences using
available data, interviews with ofcials, and feld visits;
Interviews with stakeholders: during interviews, the Team collected general observations as
well as verbatim quotations where appropriate. Tese were then veted by interview subjects for
accuracy, acceptability, and permission to use with direct atribution or with appropriate ano-
nymity. Atributed quotations that appear in the text have come from these interviews;
Surveys administered to the public, transport operators and bus manufacturers: the
Team used social media channels to distribute surveys in several languages (Arabic, Dutch, En-
glish, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish) to capture the perspectives of eMobility users. In addition,
UITP surveyed a sample of public transport operators who are deploying electric buses in their
feets. Te results of this have been incorporated to showcase customer and operator perspectives;
Direct observations: members of the Study Team collected experiences using their own ob-
servations and interactions with eMobility solutions (i.e. on buses, in cars, and on two-wheelers).
In addition to direct feld observations, the Team’s on-the-ground research included atempts to
purchase electric private vehicles at dealerships to ascertain how the supply chain interacts with
customers.
More work remains to be done on eMobility. It is important to note that this paper is neither a
judgment on eMobility nor a comprehensive assessment of the demand, technology, and markets that
underpin its development. All of these factors are evolving, highly dynamic, and subject to uncertainty.
However, there are present opportunities to share experiences that will inform current and future ac-
tions on eMobility solutions as part of the efort to tackle the challenge of transport sector emissions.
Addressing this problem will depend upon concerted action from the global community.
Sincerely,
Franz Drees-Gross
Director, Transport Global Practice
World Bank
Riccardo Puliti
Senior Director, Energy and Extractives GP
World Bank
Umberto Guida
Senior Director, Knowledge & Innovation
UITP
Contents
FOREWORD 3
FIGURES AND TABLES 5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
1. THE PAST AND PRESENT OF eMOBILITY
1.1 Putting eMobility in context 8
1.2 Examples of industry and government commitments 13
1.3 Examples of trends in public transport uptake 16
1.4 Examples of trends in private transport uptake 17
1.5 Examples of granular uptake characteristics 18
1.6 Understanding what afects the attractiveness of eMobility 20
2. HIGHLIGHTED LESSONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD
2.1 On the design and targeting of electric mobility programs 22
2.2 On the technology and its deployment 26
2.3 On the deployment of electric buses 28
2.4 On new business models, new players, and new market structures 31
2.5 On the energy-transport nexus 34
3. STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES ON EMOBILITY
3.1 Public authorities and public institutions 37
3.2 OEMs and the supply chain 44
3.3 Utility companies 47
3.4 Non-utility owners and / or operators of charging infrastructure 49
3.5 Civil society and other important stakeholders 51
3.6 Private vehicle customers 53
3.7 The buyer’s experience 55
3.8 Public transit operators 57
3.9 Electric bus OEMs 60
4. RECOMMENDATIONS 62
THANK YOU AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 65
ENDNOTES AND CITATIONS 66。