摘要
.
随着化石能源过度消耗,环境污染进一步加剧,因过量排放温室气体而引起
的全球气候变暖及环境保护问题日益严重。为了从根本上应对和解决上述问题,
人类社会需要尽快建立低碳经济发展模式和低碳生活方式以实现人类经济社会的
可持续发展。这预示着人类社会开始进入了以“低能耗、低污染、低排放”为特征的
全新的低碳经济时代,而低碳经济时代背景下,“碳减排’’正是一条有效解决这一问
-题的根本途径

如何促使企业开展减排投资活动既是为了实现低碳经济的现实要求,又是政
府及企业的重点工作内容之一。对于供应链而言,制造商和零售商都将面对低碳
减排投资与潜在需求增加的机遇和挑战。制造商因政府的减排规制和消费者环保
意识的双重压力而不得不开展减排投资活动从而生产并提供低碳产品,零售商则
因消费者环保意识的提髙而不得不进行低碳宣传和推广。面对这种新的投资机会,
供应链上下游企业将会选择不同的减排投资策略来进一步扩大市场需求。在研宄
供应链企业碳减排问题上,除了企业内部的减排努力之外,还需关注外部力量的
影响,其中消费者的环保意识和供应链权利结构的影响均是实现企业碳减排的关
键外部力量。基于此,在考虑消费者环保意识和供应链权利结构影响的前提下,
开展供应链产品价格和碳减排水平决策问题研宄,具有重要的理论意义和实际应
用价值。本文在国内外最新研宂成果的基础上,借助供应链管理和博弈论等理论
方法,从理论研究方面探讨了考虑消费者环保意识和供应链权利结构的单一品、
替代品和互补品产品价格和碳减排水平决策的问题。分别构建了不同的决策模型
并求解,通过设定模型参数进行数值计算与分析,验证了理论研究成果的有效性

主要研宄内容及创新之处如下:
(1)在考虑消费者环保意识和不同竞争行为影响的情况下,研宄了单一品产
品价格和碳减排水平决策问题。除集中决策之外,主要探讨了两个竞争零售商分
别独立决策时的分散决策模型、两个竞争零售商采用共谋策略时的分散决策模型
和两个竞争零售商之间存在Stackelberg博弈时的分散决策模型三种情况。研宄表
明:在D-R、D-C和D-S三种分散决策模型中,产品最优价格和企业最大利润与
零售商之间的竞争程度和消费者环保意识均呈正相关关系,且在普通消费市场上
表现出更弱的相关关系。利润分配方面,由于市场总需求的增加使得垄断制造商
获得了更多的利润

(2)在考虑消费者环保意识和供应链权利结构影响的情况下,研宄了替代品
价格和碳减排水平决策问题。除集中决策之外,主要探讨了分别由制造商和零售
II 商各自主导,且同时考虑两个制造商分别采取自顾和共谋策略时的Stackelberg博
弈共四种情况。研宄表明:在MSSS、MSSC、RSSS和RSSC四个分散决策模型
中,对称参数比较分析获得了纵向相等的决策变量结果,意味着制造商所采用的
不同竞争策略对供应链最优决策是不影响的,相应地,制造商生产过程中所采用
的减排策略也是不影响的;而横向比较获得了不同的决策变量结果,意味着不同
’
的权利结构对供应链最优决策是有影响的。敏感性分析发现最初市场份额、产品
可替代系数和减排投资成本参数对产品最优价格和最大利润的影响是一致的,而
对产品碳排放水平的影响是相反的

(3)在考虑消费者环保意识和供应链权利结构影响的情况下,研宄了互补品
价格和碳减排水平决策问题。除集中决策之外,主要探讨了分别由制造商和零售
商各自主导,且同时考虑两个制造商分别釆取自顾和共谋策略时的Stackelberg博
弈共四种情况。分别探讨了制造商和零售商Stackelberg权力结构下,两个竞争制
造商分别采取自顾和共谋策略时的博弈情形。研究表明:在MSCC、MSCS、RSCC、
RSCS四个分散决策模型中,对称参数比较分析的结论与替代品决策时的情况一
致。执行敏感性分析发现最初市场份额和消费者环保意识对最优价格、最优碳减
排水平和最大利润的影响是一致的,都随参数的增加而增加;产品的互补程度参
数对最优价格、最优碳减排水平和最大利润的影响是相反的,都随参数的增加而
减少

由于本文研究问题比较复杂,在方法应用和理论分析上存在不足之处,未来
应该在以下几个方面进行更加深入的研究,如:不确定性需求和信息不对称情形
下的供应链产品价格和减排水平决策问题以及低碳环境下产品线多品种定价及碳
.减排联合决策问题等

关键词:消费者环保意识;供应链权利结构;单一品;替代品;互补品;
产品价格和碳减排水平决策
III ABSTRACT
With excessive consumption of fossil energy, environmental pollution becomes
worse, the global climate warming and environmental protection problem caused by
excessive greenhouse gas emissions is increasingly serious. In order to fundamentally
response and solve the problem of global climate wanning and environmental
protection, human society needs to establish low-carbon economic development
model and low-carbon lifestyle to achieve the sustainable development of human
economy and society. It indicates that the human society began to enter the new era of
low carbon economy which is characterized by low energy consumption, low
pollution, and low emission. Under the background of low carbon economy, Carbon
Emissions Reduction (CER) is a fundamental approach to solve this problem
effectively.
To achieve the practical requirement of low carbon economy, h^v to promote
enterprises to carry out investment activities of CER is also one of the focus of the
work content for government and the enterprise. Regarding the supply chain,
manufacturers and retailers will both face the opportunities and challenges on the
increasement of low carbon investment and potential demand. Under the dual
pressure of government regulation and consumer environmental awareness,
manufacturers had to conduct the investment activities for the reduclron of carbon
emission and thus produce and provide low carbon products; meanwhile, retailers had
to carry out the low carbon propaganda and promotion due to the growth of
consumers
5 environmental awareness. To confront this investment opportunities,
supply chain upstream and downstream enterprises will choose different investment
strategies to further expand the market demand. On the study of supply chain
enterprise carbon emissions reduction, in addition to the enterprise internal efforts, the
influence of the external forces need to be paid attention too. Among them, the
consumers
,
environmental awareness and supply chain power structure are the key
content to realized enterprise carbon emissions reduction. Therefore, considering the
influence of the consumers5 environmental awareness and supply chain power
stoctme,it contains 姐 important theoretical signiftc抓ce and practical application
value to do the research on the issue of supply chain product price and carbon
emissions levels decisions. Based on the latest research at home and abroad, using the
theory of supply chain management and game theory method, this paper investigated
IV the issues of price and carbon e
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