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智能手机十年全球影响_英文版

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文本描述
The Global Impact of 10 Years of Smartphones
February 2017
FROM SMART TO SENSELESS:
Caption
Section 1: Introduction01
Section 2: The Global Impacts of 10 Years of Smartphones02
Section 3: Environmental Impacts03
Section 4: The Costs of a Broken Model06
Section 5: A New Model—Circular Production08
Section 6: Smartphone Manufacturer Progress09
Section 7: What is Meaningful Innovation10
Section 8: Conclusion: The Challenge for the Next 10 Years10
Appendix A12
Appendix B12
Citations13
Contents
Author:
Elizabeth Jardim
Editor:
Maria Elena De Matteo
For more information:
greeninternet@greenpeace
Published February 2017
by Greenpeace Inc.
702 H Street, NW
Suite 300
Washington, D.C. 20001
United States
greenpeace
INTRODUCTION
Liberated from a confined set of buttons and keyboards, the
software powering smartphones suddenly gave our phones
completely different functionality or could change languages
without any change to the hardware. Separate devices for
email, music, and photography are now morphed into a
single platform. As wireless data has jumped to broadband
speeds in many countries we can get work done on the go,
find our way around almost anywhere instantaneously, and
stay in touch with loved ones 24/7, no matter where they are.
In 2007, almost no one owned a smartphone. In 2017, they
are seemingly everywhere. Globally, among people aged 18-
35, nearly 2 in every 3 people own a smartphone.1
In just 10 years, more than 7 billion smartphones have
been produced.
But as smartphones have spread across the world, the
rapid churn of devices that is fueling record profits across
the technology sector is also causing an ever-widening
impact on the planet and the countries where these devices
are manufactured. Despite tremendous innovation in the
functionality of the phones themselves, product design and
supply chain decisions continue to suffer from the same not-
so-smart linear manufacturing model and short-term, profit-
driven perspective that have plagued the IT sector for years:
work of extracting precious metals for these devices; often
fueling armed conflict in countries like the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and leaving the land destroyed;
to hazardous chemicals that damage their health;
energy is required to produce each phone,2 which in turns
increases demand for coal and other forms of dirty energy
in China and other parts of Asia;
further contributes to a rapidly growing e-waste stream.
All this for a gadget that the average consumer in the
United States uses for just over two years.3
And sadly, the problems with smartphones do not end when
a consumer is ready to repair or upgrade their phone. Major
smartphone manufacturers are increasingly making product
design decisions that take away an individual’s ability to
replace the battery or add more memory. As a result, all the
resources, energy, and human effort expended to make
each phone are wasted, if the phone is damaged, needs
a new battery, or the user outgrows the storage capacity.
This greatly reduces the lifespan of the product and drives
demand for new products and maximum profit.
We are calling for a new business model, in which
smartphone manufacturers take into account the impacts
their popular devices are having on our planet, and the
desire of consumers to slow down the rate of phones they
go through in a decade. Manufacturers should measure their
innovation not by fewer millimeters and more megapixels,
but by designingdevices to last, by making them easily
repairable and upgradeable, and using components and
materials that can safely be reused again and again to make
new phones.
In 10 short years, smartphones have changed the world, and
have fueled massive profits across the sector. But we cannot
afford another 10 years of the same model. Now is the time
to change the business model and get it right. Will the next
decade be the one in which smartphone manufacturers take
up this challenge, in which they are truly forward-thinking and
set an example for all industries
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Smartphones have undeniably changed our lives and the world in
a very short amount of time. Just 10 years ago, we took pictures
with cameras, used maps to plan routes, and kept in touch with
simple text messages.
From Smart to Senseless: The Global Impact of 10 Years of Smartphones1
2From Smart to Senseless: The Global Impact of 10 Years of Smartphones300
600
900
1200
1500
20072008200920102011201220132013201420152016
Starting with the release of Apple’s first iPhone, smartphone
sales have soared, increasing year after year. In 2007,
roughly 120 million smartphone units were sold worldwide.
That number climbed to over 1.4 billion in 2016.4 By 2020,
smartphone subscriptions are expected to hit 6.1 billion, or
roughly 70% of the global population.5 Among 18 to 35 year
olds, smartphone ownership is already 62% globally, and in
some countries, such as the United States, Germany, and
South Korea, it tops 90%.6
While part of the increasing rate of smartphone sales is
caused by first-time buyers, 78% is estimated to be attributed
to existing smartphone consumers replacing their phones.8
In the United States, the average replacement cycle was just
over 2 years, at 26 months. Even though most smartphones
still function for far longer than this, roughly two thirds of
American consumers are lured in to prematurely upgrading
for the latest features.9 Some phones are even marketed
as “free” with a new contract, which makes the effort and
expense of repairing the current device seem like a greater
obstacle.
Indeed, the current business model for both manufacturers
and service providers hinges on the frequent replacement of
devices. This model does not take into account the long-term
impacts of the production and disposal of all these devices—
more than 7 billion since 2007.10
The Global Impacts of
Ten Years of Smartphones
THE GLOBAL IMPACTS OF TEN YEARS OF SMARTPHONES
Since 2007, more than 7 billion smartphones have been produced.
Annual Figures from Gartner and IDC.7
Units Produced (Millions)
Total: 7.1 Billion
From Smart to Senseless: The Global Impact of 10 Years of Smartphones3
The supply chain for smartphones is long and complex.
Generally speaking, phones are predominantly made
up of a combination of metals including rare earth
elements, glass, and plastic.
Aluminum, cobalt, and gold are just a few of the more than 60 elements used to
make advanced electronics such as smartphones, and they are obtained from mining
operations around the world, or in some cases, from recycled materials. Plastic is derived
from crude oil, and while some larger electronic devices contain some post-consumer
recycled plastic, this is still an emerging practice in smartphones. Integrated circuits, such
as memory chips, CPUs, and graphic chips are critical components of smartphones.
These are made up of silicon wafers, the making of which requires a great deal of energy
and water.11
Environmental Impacts
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Periodic Table of Smartphones: Smartphones contain dozens of
material inputs, including rare earth elements and confict minerals (minerals
determined to be fnancing armed confict in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo or an adjoining country).12
KEY:
Conflict mineral
Select substances of concernRare earth element
Commonly used in advanced electronics
LanthanideSeries
ActinideSeries
6.9419.012
1.0084.003
10.81112.01114.00715.99918.99820.180
22.99024.30526.98228.08630.97432.06635.45339.948
39.09840.07844.95647.8