摘要
在桑给巴尔的中小型企业创业人群中,女性占很大一部分。然而,对于
女性企业家面对的经济、社会、文化、法律、政治、技术上的问题和风险,
还没有专项研宄。为了弥补这一学术空缺,本文研宄女性创业者管理中小型
企业的潜在风险因素

I
本文研宄目的是对己有的关于女性创业阻碍因素的文献进行梳理,从而
发掘女性建立企业的主要障碍因素。研究范围包括桑给巴尔和坦桑尼亚不同
产品服务领域的女性企业家

通过问卷和访谈,笔者收集了来自9个创业部门的288份数据,并利用
SPSS软件,使用各种统计方法对其进行分析,包括:描述性分析、相关分析
和回归分析(ANOVA)。建立了 4个假设来探宄因变量(社会、经济、政治/
法律、技术因素)和自变量(中小型企业女性创业者失败)之间的关系

研宂结果表明,大约60%从事创业的女性为己婚,家庭成员少于5人,
且年龄在21-40岁之间。他们中的大多数有多达S年的工作经验,涉及零售
业、食品行业和农业。本文提出的4个假设中有3个得到证实。进一步说,
在社会、经济、政治/法律、技术因素中,社会因素对女性创业者的影响最为
显著,其次是经济和技术因素,政治/法律因素最不显著

关键词:女性创业者,微小企业,创业,桑给巴尔,坦桑尼亚
I
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Women entrepreneurship in SMEs,justifying large proportion of tota】
entrepreneurs in Zanzibar. There is a lack of studies with specific objectives on
problems and risk faced by women entrepreneurs related to the challenges in
economic, social, cultural, legal/political and technological. Hence this study is
intended to fill the research gaps by distinctive specifying factors that cause women
entrepreneurs’ failure in running SMEs.
The purpose of this study is to assess the previous literature regarding the
barriers to women entrepreneurship and to find the factors that act as major barriers
in setting up their enterprise. The scope of the study deals with women
entrepreneurs in Zanzibar, Tanzania who were categorized in a different production
of goods and services.
The 288 respondent’s results from nine entrepreneurship sectors were
collected through questionnaires and interviews, and data recorded were analyzed
using different statistical methods; descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and
regression analysis (ANOVA) through IBM SPSS software. A total of four
hypothesis were formulated to show the relation between independent variables
(social, economic, political/legal and technological factor) and the dependent
variable (failure of women entrepreneur in SMEs).
The findings show that around 60% of women engaged in entrepreneurs are
married with less than 5 family members with age range 21 to 40 years. Most of
them have a maximum of five years working experience dominated in retail trade,
food industry, and agriculture. Four hypotheses introduced in this study, and three
of them supported. Moreover using descriptive analysis ranked all four factor with
social as the most influential on women entrepreneur, followed by an economic and
technological factor. While political/legal is less influential compared with another
factor.
ill
Abstract
Key Words: Women entrepreneur, small and micro enterprises, entrepreneurship,
Zanzibar,Tanzania
IV
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
mw i
ABSTRACT Ill
Table of Contents V
List of Tables IX
List of Figures XI
Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction1.2 Background to the study1.3 Statement of the problem1.4 Research objectives1.5 Research questions].6 Limitation of the study1.7 Thesis Organization1.8 Chapter one summaryChapter 2 Literatures Review and Key Concepts2.1 Theoretical perspectives2.1.1 Definition of Small and Microenterprises2.1.2 Who is an entrepreneur2.1.3 Profiles of women entrepreneurs2.2 Women entrepreneurs in SMEs2.2.1 Entrepreneurship development in Tanzania2.2.2 Women in micro and small enterprise sector in Tanzania2.3 Benefits of women entrepreneurs in SMEs2.4 Objectives of the women entrepreneur in development strategy in SMEs2.5 Factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in SMEs2.6 Chapter two summaryChapter 3 Research Procedure and Methodology3.1 Conceptual model3.2.1 Economic factorv
Table of Contents
3.2.2 Social factor3.2.3 Political/Legal factor3.2.4 Technological factor
21
3.3 Operationalization of objectives and variables
22
3.4 Research design
22
3.5 Target population and sampling
23
3.6 Research instruments and data collection procedure
24
3.7 Reliability of instruments
25
3.8 Validity of instruments
26
3.9 Data Analysis techniques
26
3.10 Chapter four summary
28
Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Discussion
29
4.1 Response Rate
29
4.2 Demographic information
29
4.2.1 Age size
29
4.2.2 Working experiences
30
4.2.3 Marital status
31
4.2.4 Family size
31
4.2.5 Business sectors
32
4.3 Characteristics of women entrepreneurs in SMEs
33
4.4 Economic factor
34
4.4.1 Descriptive analysis of Economic factor
35
4.4.2 Correlation analysis of Economic factor
36
4.5 Social factor
36
4.5.1 Descriptive analysis of Social factor
37
4.5.2 Correlation analysis of Social factor
38
4.6 Political/legal factor
38
4.6.1 Descriptive analysis of political/Legal factor
39
4.6.2 Correlation analysis of political/Legal factor
40
4.7 Technological factor
40
VI
Table of Contents
4.7.] Descriptive analysis on Technological factor
41
4.7.2 Correlation analysis on Technological factor
41
4.8 Risk faced by women entrepreneurship in SMEs
42
4.8.1 Descriptive analysis of risk faced by women entrepreneurship in SMEs
42
4.8.2 Correlation analysis on risk faced by women entrepreneurship in SMEs
44
4.9 Overall analysis on variables
45
4.9.1 Regression analysis on variables
45
4.9.2 Descriptive analysis on variables
46
4.10 Result of Hypothesis
47
4.11 Chapter five summary
47
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
49
5.1 Findings of the research
49
5.2 Contribution of the study
49
5.2.1 Implications for literature
50
5.2.2 Implications to practice
50
5.3 Managerial implications
50
5.3 Direction for further research
51
5.4 Conclusion
51
References 53
Appendix A: Questionnaire for women in small and micro enterprises in Zanzibar
59
Appendix B: Correlation between items of characteristics of women entrepreneur
65
Appendix C: Correlation between items in social factor
67
Appendix D: Correlation between items of failure of women entrepreneur
69
Abbreviations 71
Acknowledgement
73
VII List of Table
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Operationalization of objectives and variables
22
Table 3.2 Target population and sample
23
Table 3.3 Reliability of variables
25
Table 3.4 Mean interpretation
27
Table 4.1 Mean and standard deviation of items of entrepreneur characteristics
33
Table 4.2 Correlation of items in entrepreneu
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