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不同行业压力下的先动导向与创业绩效的关系_MBA毕业论文DOC

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文本描述
摘要
创业对我国经济发展起着至关重要的作用。创业不仅能够促进经济的增长,增加就业岗
位,更能发挥维持社会稳定的作用。创业已经成为推动中国经济和社会发展的新引擎。然而
现实的情况是,新创企业的生存率较低,真正创业成功并能够主导行业的企业仍为少数。而
且,先动导向下新创企业生存水平更加令人担忧。这类新企业作为行业先行者一方面需要承
担自身的新生脆弱性风险,另一方面还要面对率先进入市场时的重大不确定性和更高的竞争
强度。因此,关注于新创企业,尤其是关注先动导向下的新创企业生存状态和能够影响其创
业绩效的因素是重要的研究任务。因为这关系到新企业的生存、新产业的成长,更关系到创
业经济的总体发展态势

什么因素会影响到先动导向下新创企业的创业绩效水平?先动企业由于其市场行动先
人一步通常在技术积累、学习水平、市场占领、建立进入壁垒、品牌锁定等方面具备竞争优
势。但是同时,先动企业也存在一定的劣势,比如跟进者的“搭便车”效应、合法性不足、
技术锁定等。在不同的竞争环境下,企业的先动优势和先动劣势对绩效的影响程度不同。然
而学者们对先动优势的存在性和有效性的讨论已经超过了四十年,得到的答案仍然是两面性
的,先动导向战略和创业绩效的关系尚不明确

创业战略能帮助创业者解决创业过程中关于任务、方向和竞争姿态的问题。有效、适当
的战略决策是新企业应对环境挑战的关键。在先动导向战略下,企业如果能根据对环境竞争
态势的判断做出合理的战略适应性行为,将可能有效地保证自身的先动优势,提高市场生存
率,达到良好的绩效水平。然而在现阶段,由于创业战略仍然是一个新兴研究领域,其概念
和理论结构的研究尚不完备。目前在创业研究中能帮助先动导向下的新创企业应对所属不同
竞争环境的具体有效战略的相关研究成果仍旧不足

在转型经济背景下,市场不确定性程度较高,制度不完善和不确定性问题严重,先动企
业在进入新市场和推广新产品过程中会面对更大的系统性压力。企业在刚进入市场时缺乏关
于新市场信息和渠道与手段。企业通过建立关系网络或许能够解决这些问题,比如:通过建
立社会网络来获得非正式的市场信息或授权以突破制度障碍;通过建立商业网络关系共享资
源、建立联盟以登陆市场。但是对于先动导向下的新创企业关系网络对创业绩效是否会产生II
作用,以及会产生怎样的作用,目前学者们的关注还有限

本研究基于以上的现实问题和理论不足,试图解决以下问题:(一)不同行业压力水平
下,先动导向会对创业绩效产生怎样的影响?(二)在不同行业压力水平下,创业战略在企
业先动导向和创业绩效的关系中发挥着怎样的调节作用?(三)社会网络和商业网络在企业
先动导向和创业绩效之间存在是否存在中介效应?为了解决这些问题,本研究首先回顾相关
研究成果构筑理论基础,然后详细论述变量间的关系,完成理论模型构建和研究假设。最后
通过收集 235 份有效问卷,利用实证分析方法对模型和假设进行检验

本文围绕着代表创业活动本质特征之一的先动性进行研究,思考先动导向能对绩效产生
有利影响的情境,同时试图从创业战略和关系网络两个领域中寻找能支持先动企业获得良好
绩效的手段。为此,本研究按照行业压力水平进行了分组讨论,定义了竞争型战略和稳健型
战略两种创业战略模式。研究得出的结论丰富了现有创业理论,也解决了一些实际问题:
第一,本研究把先动导向作为一个独立的构念进行研究。这不同于以往把先动性作为创
业导向的一个子维度来考察的研究思路。通过分组方式单独检验了不同行业压力下的先动导
向与创业绩效之间的关系。研究结论显示在低行业压力水平下,先动导向与创业绩效正相关,
但在高行业压力水平下,先动导向与创业绩效不存在显著关系。该结论相较之于以往创业导
向和创业绩效之间的研究,虽然未打破两者关系的相关讨论结论尚不一致性局面,但是提供
了一种新的研究思路,也给出了关于先动导向和创业绩效之间关系的一个更加具体的答案

第二,本研究有效地整合创业理论与战略理论,系统性地探究了创业战略在先动导向与
创业绩效之间的调节效应。本研究为新创企业先于竞争对手采取行动的决策过程提供具体的
战略层指导,拓展与完善了创业战略的相关理论框架。研究发现,在低行业压力下,竞争性
战略和稳健型战略都会先动导向与创业绩效之间的正面关系起到进一步的促进作用。然而,
高行业压力环境下。稳健型战略对两者的关系影响不明显,竞争性战略的加强则会放大先动
导向对于绩效的负面影响

第三,本研究是在转型经济背景下关于关系网络对先动导向影响作用的研究。在发达经
济体的成熟市场环境中,市场相关规定和制度是相对稳定和成熟的。相比之下,在中国转型
经济背景下,社会网络和商业网络在解释新创企业的生存水平和市场进入过程时则会显得非
常关键。研究发现,社会网络和商业网络在先动导向和创业绩效之间存在着中介作用。本研
究是在特殊的市场背景下,以处于特定发展阶段和战略导向的行动主体的角度出发对关系网
络问题进行的探索和思考,在这方面也存在一定创新性

从本研究关于先动导向、创业战略、关系网络和行业压力的相关结论可以看出,创业企III
业在不同的外部环境下采取适当的创业战略是有必要的。而且根据外部环境的反馈,进行战
略调整对于改善企业生存状态同样有着重要意义。新创企业的成功依赖于组织本身的战略决
策,同样也有赖于对外部伙伴资源和信息的利用。对于本研究的现实意义,一方面旨在启示
创业者理性判断新市场形势,对新市场进入行动做出更合理的决策,并能及时根据市场形势
调整战略,保存优势,回避不必要的竞争风险。另一方面,本研究也希望提示市场先锋企业
在进入市场初期推进生产与经营活动的同时关注构建、维持和利用关系网络。本研究的最终
目的是提高新创企业的生存率和绩效水平,保护创业者,保护新市场和新产业

关键词:
先动导向,行业压力,创业战略,关系网络,创业绩效V
Researches on the Relationships between Proactive-orientation and Entrepreneurial
Performance under Different Industry Pressure:
Based on Functions of Entrepreneurial Strategy and Relationship Networks
Abstract
Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in China economic development. Entrepreneurship not only
can promote economic growth, increase jobs, but also plays a role in maintaining social stability.
Entrepreneurship has become a new engine to promote China&39;s economic and social development.
However, the fact is that the survival rate of new ventures is low. New ventures that make
successful establishments and grow up to lead industries are still minorites. In particular, the level
of survival of proactive-oriented new ventures is more alarming. Start-ups as industry pioneers on
the one hand need to bear their own vulnerabilities as new, on the other hand also need to face the
uncertainties and the market competition as first movers to enter markets. Therefore, it is an
important research task to focus on the survival rate of proactive-oriented new ventures and the
factors that influence their entrepreneurial performance. It concerns to the survival of new
ventures, the growth of new industries, also the overall development of the entrepreneurial
economy.
What factors will affect entrepreneurial performance of first-mover new ventures First
movers usually have first competitive advantage in the accumulation of technology, learning level,
market occupation, establishing barriers to markets, brand locking and other aspects because of its
earlier movement in the market. But at the same time, the first movers are also threatened by some
disadvantages, such as free ride effect, lacking of legitimacy, price war and so on. In different
competitive circumstances, the impacts to entrepreneurial performance and effectivenesses of the
first-mover advantages and disadvantages are different. Scholars have been discussing the
existence and effectiveness of the first-mover advantages for more than four decades, but the
answers are still two-sided. The relationship between proactive-orientation and entrepreneurial
performance is still unclear.
Entrepreneurial strategies can help entrepreneurs solve the problems about the task, the
direction and the competitive posture in entrepreneurial processes. Effective and appropriateVI
strategic decisions and strategic portfolios are keys for new ventures to response to environmental
challenges. Under proactive-orientation, if the enterprise can implement a reasonable strategic
adaptive behavior based on the situation of competition, it will be able to effectively maintain their
own advantages. They will improve their survival situation and achieve better level of
performance. However, at the present stage, entrepreneurial strategy is still a new research field
and its concept and theoretical structure is not complete. There are few effective and specific
strategic means to help proactive-oriented ventures cope with environments in different
competitive strength at present.
In the context of a transition economy, the uncertainty of the market is severe and the
institutional system is imperfect seriously. First movers will face higher institutional pressure and
challenge from lacking of legitimacy. When entering new markets and promoting new products
enterprises lack of information about new market and useful channels and accesses. Enterprises
may be able to solve these problems by establishing relationship networks. They can obtain
informal market informations to breakthrough system barriers by establishing social networks and
can share resources and establish alliances by establishing business networks. However, there are
few scholars to study and prove the effect of relationship networks existing between
proactive-orientation of new ventures and entrepreneurial performance.
Based on above problems and theoretical problems, this study are trying to solve following
questions: (A)How proactive-orientation influences entrepreneurial performance under different
levels of competitive pressure in the industry (B)How entrepreneurial strategies influence the
relationship between proactive-orientation and entrepreneurial performance under different levels
of competitive pressure in the industry (C)Whether social networks and commercial networks
play roles of mediating effects between the proactive-orientation and entrepreneurial performance
of the enterprise In order to solve these problems, this st
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